Health Administrator Essay

Terminology[edit]Health systems management or health care systems management describes the leadership and general management of hospitals, hospital networks, and/or health care systems. In international use, the term refers to management at all levels.[1] In the United States, management of a single institution (e.g. a hospital) is also referred to as â€Å"Medical and health services management†[2] â€Å"Healthcare management† or Health Administration. It ensures that specific outcomes are attained, that departments within a health facility are running smoothly, that the right people are in the right jobs, that people know what is expected of them, that resources are used efficiently and that all departments are working towards a common goal. Hospital administrators[edit]These are individuals who act as the central point of control within hospitals. These individuals may be previous or current clinicians, or individuals with other backgrounds. There are two types of administrators, generalists and specialists. Generalists are individuals who are responsible for managing or helping to manage an entire  facility. Specialists are individuals who are responsible for the efficient operations of a specific department such as policy analysis, finance, accounting, budgeting, human resources, or marketing. [3] Whether better administrators come from within or outside of the health profession is a matter of current debate.[citation needed] Training and Organisations[edit]Associated Qualifications[edit]Health care management is usually studied through healthcare administration[4] or healthcare management[5] programs in a business school or, in some institutions, in a school of public health. Although many colleges and universities are offering a bachelor’s degree in healthcare administration,[6] a master’s degree is considered the â€Å"standard credential†[7] for most health administrators in the United States. Research and academic-based doctorate level degrees, such as the PhD in Health Administration and the Doctor of Health Administration, prepare health care professionals to turn their clinical or administrative experiences into opportunities to develop new knowledge and practice, teach, shape public policy and/or lead complex organizations. There are multiple recognized degree types that are considered equivalent from the perspective of professional preparation. The Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Management Education (CAHME) is the accrediting body overseeing master’s-level programs in the United States and Canada on behalf of the United States Department of Education. It accredits several degree program types, including Master of Health Services Administration (MHSA), Master of Business Administration in Hospital Management (MBA-HM), Master of Health Administration (MHA), Master of Public Health (MPH, MSPH, MSHPM), Master of Science (MS-HSM, MS-HA), and Master of Public Administration (MPA). Professional Organizations[edit]There are numerous professional associations related to health systems management, which can be subcategorized as either personal or institutional membership groups. Personal membership groups are  joined by individuals, and typically have individual skill and career development as their focus. Larger personal membership groups include the American College of Healthcare Executives, the Healthcare Financial Management Association, and the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society. Institutional membership groups are joined by organizations; they typically focus on organizational effectiveness, and may also include data-sharing agreements and other best-practice sharing vehicles for member organizations. Prominent examples include the American Hospital Association and the University Healthsystems Consortium. History[edit]In the United States, the first modern health systems management program was established in 1934 at the University of Chicago.[8] At the time, programs were completed in two years – one year of formal graduate study and one year of internship. In 1958, the Sloan program at Cornell University began offering a program requiring two years of formal study,[9] which remains the dominant structure in the United States and Canada today (see also â€Å"Academic Preparation†). Health systems management has been described as a â€Å"hidden† health profession [10] because of the relatively low-profile role managers take in health systems, in comparison to direct-care professions such as nursing and medicine. However the visibility of the management profession within healthcare has been rising in recent years, due largely to the widespread problems developed countries are having in balancing cost, access, and quality in their hospitals and health systems.[11] See also[edit]Master of Health Administration Upsilon Phi Delta American College of Healthcare Executives Nosokinetics References[edit]1.Jump up ^ â€Å"World Health Organization – Management†. 2.Jump up ^ â€Å"Bureau of Labor Statistics†. 3.Jump up ^ â€Å"Health Care Administrator†. Retrieved 11 September 2012. 4.Jump up ^ â€Å"healthcare administration† 5.Jump up ^ â€Å"healthcare management† 6.Jump up ^ â€Å"Bachelor’s of Science Degree in Healthcare Administration†. 7.Jump up ^ â€Å"Bureau of Labor Statistics – Occupational Outlook Handbook entry†. 8.Jump up ^ â€Å"University of Chicago – Graduate Program in Health Administration and Policy†. 9.Jump up ^ Stevens, R. (1999). â€Å"In sickness and in wealth: American hospitals in the twentieth century.† Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 10.Jump up ^ Haddock, C. C., & McLean, R. D. (2002). â€Å"Careers in Healthcare Management: How to Find your Path and Follow It.† Chicago: Health Administration Press. 11.Jump up ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2006). â€Å"Rising health costs put pressure on public finances, finds OECD.† Retrieved January 20, 2009 from the OECD Web site: http://www.oecd.org/document/37/0,3343,en_2649_201185_36986213_1_1_1_1,00.html External links[edit]American College of Healthcare Executives Association of University Programs in Health Administration Healthcare Financial Management Association Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society Healthcare Leadership Alliance Home Economics Archive: Tradition, Research, History (HEARTH) An e-book collection of over 1,000 books spanning 1850 to 1950, created by Cornell University’s Mann Library. Includes several hundred works on hospital administration—particularly hospital nutrition—in this period, itemized in a specific bibliography. Journal of Health Administration Education MHA Guide – Directory of Health Administration Programs Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development – Reviews of health systems World Health Organization – ‘Making Health Systems Work’ series

Affirmative Action: The Nation’s continuing battle for racial equality

Affirmative action is a policy of the State which has for its goal the elimination of historically rooted discrimination against men and women of colour. This is an active response of the State to the overwhelming concern of racial discrimination happening in the country and around the Globe. The existence of different nationality, race and ethnicity is a fact that has been long recognized. The looming problem in our society is determined by the equality of opportunities and the degree of acceptance. By acceptance it means the openness of firms, companies, and other institutions to hire men and women of colour. One need not look too far beyond to see how self-interest has been the ruling factor that has caused all development and transformation in the world. The formation of human rights seem to be the perfect illustration to this as it has been primarily geared towards the conscious regard to the political rights of the people. Through time, the ancient civilizations sought for more responsive policies then for more progressive ones as these clamours push for the commencement of social and cultural rights as well as economic rights respectively. This relative expansion in the coverage of human rights is not limited to narrow scope of the international sphere. This improvement transcends all the aspects of a political man. That is, in consideration of the triumvirate of goods or the different active determinants in the life of an individual â€Å"the political events, economic situation as well as the societal condition all lend a hand in the establishment of a singular prototype that would shape an individual. As a result, the manner and level by which an individual’s need would be catered to is the final cause of human advancement. This means that all growth and evolution depends on the intensity of human involvement to achieve what he wants. As a corrective measure, Affirmative action’s primary purpose is to cure defects in the government and other sectors of society. These defects are mainly caused by social strife, injustices, violation and discrimination in areas that include business, education and the military. This has been seen by the state as a necessary meant to tip the scale in favor of those who have been disadvantaged over the years. Protection of every citizen is the primary goal and objective of its citizens. This entails not only the protection from physical harm but also the assurance that the citizen is not disadvantaged in terms of work opportunities. Affirmative action is a means of the State to promote the welfare of the people. However, the real question is â€Å"can racial equality be achieved in business, education and the military without the use of policies that promote Affirmative Action?† On the other hand, it would appear that the primary objective of every individual is of getting those that he needs which would ultimately result in the progress of the entire society. This situation typifies the idea of self-interest as the governing factor that qualifies international growth and transformation. There is nothing inherently wrong with this; however, in this day and age, much of the development in the field of Politics should be and has been generally focused on policy-making and procedural re-awakening aimed in attempting to legislate policies that would make a more peaceful international community shared by men and women. Racial equality is an old issue but it remains to be of great national concern given the fact that existence of affirmative action is a way to remind us of the importance of recognizing and respecting individual rights of persons, regardless of race.   

Veil of Roses

Book Report Noor-ul-ain Zar 4/29/12 8-10 The book I have chosen to do this month is Veil of Roses by Laura Fitzgerald. I have chosen this book because I think it describes some similar things, I have heard of and some things that happen in my country sometimes too. The genre of this book is realistic fiction. And realistic fiction means, it's not real but it could definitely happen to anyone. The book is basically about an Iranian-women named Tamila who has been basically stuck in Iran for the longest time and finally got to come to America for the first time.And she is so used to not having any freedom, America opens many doors for her. But only on one condition, she has to find a husband in two months, which is hard work. The setting on this book goes to America to Tucson, Arizona. It also takes place in, houses, coffee shops, English class and even outside. The mood of this book (or how the reader feels when reading the story) goes on and off. It goes from mysteries, to happiness, and sadness too. Usually, the tone of the book reflects the mood of the book. If the way the author writes the book, and a certain chapter is sad, then the reader will also feel sad.The point of view the book is in first person. And I know it's first person because it contains the words â€Å" I, and me†. The characters in this book are, Tamila Soroush or known as Tami Joon (the main character) basically she is fun, shy, and open to new things. She basically has been shut in a box because she hasn't had much rights and now that she is in America, she is very experimental. She has a family who cares a lot about her, but also are very protective. Maryam, Tami's sister is very protective. She loves Tami a lot, but always has an eye on her.She tries to get Tami the best husband as possible but needs to realize that Tami should be on her own to find one. Ardishir ( Maryam's husband) is very supportive, rich and also takes care of Tami. He seems Tami's point of view in things, and is very nice and not that important in the story. Ike (Tami's love interest) she meets him in America at a coffee place and at first they don't click but later they do. And the other character, Haroun who potentially wants to marry Tami. This story is basically about a girl named Tami, who comes from Iran to America to live with her sister Maryam and her husband Ardishir until she finds a husband.She only has a short period of time, and cannot live with Maryam and her husband for long because her Visa will expire. If she does not find a husband, who has a Visa she will have to go back to Iran forever. So she comes and lives with Maryam, and isn't adapting to change very well. When she gets to America, she is open to all types of things she never got to do when she was in Iran. She got to go out without her hijab (covering of woman's head) and got to do everyday things that are usually taken for granted like going out for coffee, which cannot be done in Iran.So as she searches for a husband one day she goes to a coffee shop on her way to her English class and meets an American guy named Ike. She doesn't try to talk to him, but when Tami gets confused because shes from Iran, Ike helps her out and they become friends, but she hides Ike from Maryam because she isn't supposed to engage a conversation with any other American guy. Then Maryam finds other people for Tami, and none are good and after tons of hardships Tami finally marries Ike. Yes, the story is very effective and powerful. I enjoyed the story very much.The strengths are that, the author made it so believable that she is from Iran even though it's realistic fiction. The weaknesses are that it could have been written more effective, and better words. My overall response to the book, is that I enjoyed it very much and mostly because I could relate to it being from a different country and knowing how hard it is to settle to a new country, and see how differently things are done and different places. I wou ld recommend this to people with the similar, country or someone who understands being from other places.But I would also recommend this to people who aren't from other countries so they can learn about new cultures and how things are done in Iran. Overall, I really did enjoy the book and I think If people actually didn't judge the book by the cover and read it, they would enjoy it. It teaches a lot of things, and opens you to new cultures. You will also start, to learn how we take little things for granted like simply walking down the street for granted. But, overall this book was amazing and I would recommend this, to everyone.

Education in the World of Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Education in the World of Politics - Essay Example It can be recalled that the sovereign theory refers to the submission of individuals or a group to a one common sovereign who can protect them against violent death. This submission can also be looked at as a master-slave relationship where those who do not abide form the law is subjected to punishment. In this case, education is important since this is the means or the main tool for the followers and even for the leaders to know their duties and or responsibilities in the group or in the society where they belong. Hobbes also said that since humans are grounded to passions, it is important that humans know how to correctly reason out and that has something to do with logic. Also, with the basic idea that man lives for his own selfishness, there is always a tendency to act through emotion and therefore, with proper education, logic can be attained. On the other hand, there is also another idea from Plato about education. This has something to do with the "guardians" of the "just city." According to him, the guardians, in order for them not to use their power for their own benefits to rule over the people they are protecting, they should be properly educated to know not just their limitations but also their privileges.

The Role of Company Directors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Role of Company Directors - Essay Example Fiduciary duty is inherent amidst the interaction between directors and their company, trustees and their trusts, and lawyers and their customers. Barnet (2008) has defined fiduciary duty as a model of care observed in a legal correlation of faith and assurance involving an individual in a position of control, authority or influence, and another who is reliant on the appropriate exercise of that power...intrinsic in fiduciary duty is the accountability to perform in excellent confidence and honesty, the duty to work in the interests of the principal and to shun self-dealing transactions, and the commitment to not wield unreasonable demands or to proceed without the awareness and blessing of the principal. In a landmark case involving Caremark International Inc.1996 by the Delaware Chancery Court, the role of company’s directors was expanded to encompass liability in monitoring the company’s operations or ‘oversight liability’. This in effect meant that the directors had a fiduciary duty of closely supervising or overseeing the company’s daily transaction thus had to keep up-to-date on the regular operations of the corporation. The Delaware Supreme Court’s decision, Stone v. Ritter [Del. Supr., Jan. 27, 2009] upheld that the directors’ failure to ‘act in the face of a known duty to act’ is a breach of the duty of loyalty. To stem the excesses of the corporations in the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was enacted even as the courts stepped up punitive actions on errant directors and firms engaging in fraudulent activities. As a consequence, many directors are increasingly getting more involved in the company’s operations to offset being charged with negligence and abdication of their fiduciary duties (Rehfeld, 2005).

Fair trade for the developing countries Research Paper

Fair trade for the developing countries - Research Paper Example Fair trade mainly exists in developing countries and it targets specific areas, for instance, the Handicrafts, Coffee Industry, Tea Industry etc, it does so in order to make sure that the workers and the producers are benefitted and their economic stature improves by participating in Fair trade. To understand the concept better, its principles should be well understood and they are as follows:â€Å"Creating opportunities for economically disadvantaged producers, Fair trade is a strategy for poverty alleviation and sustainable development. Its purpose is to create opportunities for producers who have been economically disadvantaged or marginalized by the conventional trading system.† The most important principle of Fair trade is to ensure that there are ample opportunities provided to the producer, the sole aim of Fair trade is to ensure the well being of the workers and the producers and in this process the first is to provide opportunities to the producer because only when th e producer has opportunities, it can be passed on to the workers.â€Å"Transparency and accountability, Fair trade involves transparent management and commercial relations to deal fairly and respectfully with trading partners.† Another important principle of Fair trade is to make sure transparency exists in every activity initiated by it, in the sense that every activity initiated by Fair trade should be without any fusses and problems, fair rules and policies are followed hence ensuring the economic and financial safety of the producer.

Describe photograph Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Describe photograph - Essay Example There are two small motorized boats in the middle foreground, one brown and one white, both being driven by single adult males towards the viewer. Other boats are moored amongst the poles on the left, and there are still more boats moving on the water. The canal flows in a sweep of steely blue, from the middle of the picture down to the front and to the right, where it forms the bottom right corner of the picture and turns into a turquoise shade, showing triangular wave patterns in the wake of the boats. There are no trees, and no sidewalks, but the water looks very like a street, because of the busy traffic of boats on it. It dominates the front and center of the picture, and clearly the photographer intended to capture the character of this interesting mode of transportation. Despite the boats which are clearly moving, there is serenity in the picture which comes from the expanse of water and sky, and the lack of human people, despite all the evidence of habitation and city life. The middle section of the picture consists of buildings on both sides, though those on the right are smaller than those on the left. About half way up the photograph on the right there is a large domed building, with several smaller domed towers to its right. This is clearly a special location, because it is much bigger than the other buildings around it, and it forms a striking silhouette against the sky, like a collection of upturned tea-cups on a table. Most of the domestic buildings have red tiled roofs while the domes are a mauve/brown color. Television antennae, flagpoles, and chimneys stick up from all the rooftops. Further up still, and in the distance, compared to the viewer, there is another tower, with a small sphere on the roof, resting on a square roofed building which has two round arches. Above all the buildings, and stretching over the whole top edge of the picture there is

Proofs for the Existence of God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Proofs for the Existence of God - Essay Example There are unanswered questions even today about the importance and existence of God as creator of this universe or the galaxies that astronomers see through their ever more powerful telescope. If it is conceivable that this universe had a beginning and will have an end, then it is logical to assume that it must have had a creator, since nothing can be created out of nothing. While John Leslie in his treatise on the subject of ethically required existences argues that there must be proof of God somewhere in the system of things, St Anslem of old puts the cart before the horse and argues that the importance that religion and mankind gives to God proves his existence (Anslem, 4)1. Explication To my mind, both philosophers are arguing for the existence of God, but each from a different standpoint. John Leslie, in his argument for what he calls ‘ethically required existences’, relies on the tenets of naturalism and prescriptivism to explain his viewpoint (Leslie, 1972:222)2. St. Anslem however takes a more unconventional approach and states that to think of God is to think of the Greatest Power that the Universe has ever known, and undoubtedly since some Power created this Universe and every living and inanimate thing out of nothing at all, that Power can only be God and belong to God. No one can create something out of nothing except God. Therefore it is imperative that we believe in the existence of God, the Creator and Master of All the known universe and its galaxies etc. It is far better to accept the existence of God because each creature in the universe is the product of intelligent design and that presupposes a creator. Main Argument John Leslie starts with the notion that we cannot label anything as intrinsically good or bad unless we know what good and bad is, therefore we are making a judgment that can only depend on prior knowledge or something that is inherent in man’s nature or existence. If morality or ethical behavior is what sepa rates us from the animals or at any rate, the creatures that lie below us on the totem pole of existence, then there is someone or something that put it in our hearts, or minds and our souls, and that could only be God. No wonder it is often said that ‘Conscience is the voice of God in man’. The very fact that we all come into this earthly existence with an inbuilt sense of morality is proof enough of the existence of God, a creator that prefers us to be good and do good, but has given us free will all the same, in order to test our level of obedience to him in this earthly life. To support St. Anslem’s argument, since it is so confusing, I prefer to put forward what has been called Pascal’s Wager to prove the existence of God. Pascal’s Wager induces us to wager that there is a God, rather than there is not. He has very interestingly drawn out parallels whether we believe in God or do not believe in God because we cannot do both. Either we believe i n the existence of a Supreme Being or we do not. But suppose if we did and there is indeed a God that meets us at the Pearly Gates or whatever as we pass into the afterlife. In that case we would indeed be pleased that we assumed correctly that God did exist. Indeed this assumption also makes our moral life on Earth easier as well. We take pains to do good and be good because

Effective hand hygiene in jails Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Effective hand hygiene in jails - Research Paper Example Prison facilities applying the above intervention are expected to decrease the incidents of skin diseases, and to contain existing skin diseases to current infected patients.   Evidence highlights the fact that hand washing to prevent infection is one of the easiest and cheapest means of preventing and managing infection (Rohde, 2006).   Some of the studies highlight the reduced incidents of infection with the application of hand washing techniques in the prison and the community setting.     The outcome which calls for specific measurement when applying the personal soaps during hand washing is: the rate of skin and other types of infection among prisoners with or without existing skin or other infections.   The measurement can be established by carrying out regular assessment of prisoners and their incidents of skin and other types of infection while incarcerated (Rohde, 2006).   Numbers acquired from the assessment will provide the intervention the much-needed informat ion to establish efficacy in terms of reduced incidents of skin and other infections, as well as contained infection in existing skin disease patients.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The prevention of skin infections in the prison systems is a major issue which boils down to the general infection control and hygiene practices within the system.   Limited water and hygiene supplies for inmates is a crucial determinant in the infection control practices in jails. In many jails.... In many jails, the availability of water supplies is low and often prevents the application of adequate hand hygiene practices (Rohde, 2006). Limited soap supplies, as well as sanitizers also prevent the application of appropriate hand hygiene techniques. As a result, inmates are often unable to wash their hands before and after eating, after doing hard labor, and after performing other activities which may dirty their hands. The probability of ingesting or inhaling bacteria is therefore very high among inmates. Most surfaces would be high sources of bacteria for these inmates, and their hands would easily spread the bacteria to other inmates (Rohde, 2006). Lack of hand hygiene can easily lead to bacterial infections, including skin infections. For which reason, skin infections have a high incidence rate among inmates. These health issues are however, very much preventable. With the application of proper hand hygiene techniques, as well as infection control measures, skin infections, as well as other diseases can be prevented and easily managed. Specific interventions which include the use of proper hand washing techniques, as well as the use of soaps and hand sanitizers are some of these measures which can be implemented in the prison systems (Rohde, 2006). The efficacy of these measures shall be evaluated based on research and studies which have already been carried out in relation to these infection-control measures. This paper shall now consider effective hand hygiene techniques which help prevent the spread of skin infection in jails. It shall critically analyze research and evidence on hand hygiene and the application of such interventions in the prison system. A protocol shall also be formulated based on the results of research

(Technology Supporting Business Processes 1) Assignment

(Technology Supporting Business Processes 1) - Assignment Example To begin with, management of business usually requires efficient collection and allocation of information. Through the use of information system this process has been made more efficient. Reason being, it has facilitated speedy transfer of information among different level of management. This has to a great extent minimized costs associated with meetings. Moreover, the information system has enhanced sharing of information amongst employees of an organization; this has been made possible through storing files at a central point accessible to certain employees. Consequently, the business becomes more competitive. (Markgraf & Media, 2010) The management process of a business is usually dependant on the information in hand. Through the use of information systems business can get up to date information about their markets; consumers; and competitors. Consequently, it makes the business to be more efficient and competitive. As an illustration, sales information provides an overview of what consumers are really purchasing. For this reason, business will stock and manufacture products that are in great demand. This minimizes loses making the business profitable. (Markgraf & Media, 2010) Most of the businesses require record keeping. This is usually meant to monitor performance of the business in all its sectors (production, marketing, etc). The information system provides an efficient and cheap platform to do so. As an illustration, a business information system has the ability to store communication and financial records; modification histories; and performance data. The information stored can be useful in a number of ways; for instance: estimating costs and analyzing performance of a business. (Bocij & Chaffey, 2003) Markgraf, B., & Media, D. (2010). Importance of Information System in an Organization. Retrieved July Thursday, 2014, from Chron:

Barney's Entanglements with Various Aspects of Property Law Essay

Barney's Entanglements with Various Aspects of Property Law - Essay Example First his son Opie had used the property as collateral for a loan, and with a payment default the property was being pursued for foreclosure by the lending party. Next Barney finds out that Ernest had been squatting on that property for about two decades, and claimed ownership for that reason. First Barney’s ownership claim on the property is legitimate, under the principle of law called â€Å"joint tenancy with right of survivorship†. The case’s citing this principle is valid, and that Barney had legal right to the mountain property as alleged. The interesting aspect of this principle of law is that when a partner co-owner dies, the law’s operation automatically grants full rights of ownership to the remaining co-owner, with no regard to the power of a will to subvert that operation (Farlex, 2012; James T. Blazek & Associates, 2000). Opie was able to use the land, meanwhile, as collateral on the strength of his stake on this property, from a will by Barne y. There is some legal opening for Barney to explore this aspect of joint tenancy law in order to contest the legality of Opie’s use of the land as collateral for the failed loan. Meanwhile, Barney’s larger problem seems to be that Ernest had usurped the land, and may have legal ground to stake the claim to that land and retain ownership. As the case states, Ernest’s possession of the land is uninterrupted for two decades, is notorious, and for that long period of time uncontested. Under adverse possession law, where usual limitation statutes for contesting ownership is seven or twenty years, Ernest may have a case for claiming legal ownership of the land (Cornell University Law School, 2010). As a lawyer my advice would be for Barney to weigh how much the property means to him versus how much his relationship with Opie means. He can pursue a case contesting the legality of the use of the land as collateral, but there is the matter of Ernest having probable vali d claim to the land that complicates things. Barney here is stuck between a rock and a hard place. On the one end he is being pursued by the lender who wants to foreclose. On the other Ernest had laid claim to the land. There seems to be no easy way out of this. The mountain property maybe a lost cause (Cornell University Law School, 2010; Farlex, 2012; James T. Blazek & Associates, 2000). II. The Beach Property The town authorities cited eminent domain as the primary law principle that justified their appropriating Barney’s property for use to develop the beach front into the Nickelodeon facility that Barney thought so little off. Now eminent domain is a power of the state and of the governments, in this case of the county government, to do such appropriating of private property for particular purposes, but it is not clear in the case that the town itself was the acting developer, or whether the town was citing eminent domain in order to profit a private developer who may be the real owner of the resort. There is the element of eminent domain that the land appropriated must be for the use of the public. In this case, while the resort is supposed to be for the general public, it might be a privately owned enterprise, in which case the use of eminent domain may not be applicable, or valid. There is a case to be made for contesting the right of the town to take away Barney’s beach property, on the basis of the use of eminent domain as the primary excuse is an invalid interpretation of the eminent domain doctrine. In fact, the literature lists exactly

The Impact Of Intellectual Properties Protection Essay Example for Free

The Impact Of Intellectual Properties Protection Essay Some of the aims and objectives of the project include: Determine the responsibility and functioning of the intellectual property domain in the IT and automobile industry. The manner in which each type of Intellectual property (IP) instrument could be applied in the software and automobile industry. The extent and level of protection various other intellectual property rights instruments (such as copyrights, database protection, IC protection, trade secrets, designs, trademarks, etc) that could be provided. The obstacles, hurdles, ideas, conceptions, etc, that could oppose the implementation of the various intellectual property instruments for protection in the software and automobile fields. The impact and scope patents and other intellectual property right instruments could have in the IT and automobile industry. Determining the ways in which IP could act as a hindrance to the development of the software and the automobile fields To promote an inter-professional relationship that could exist between IP, management, technology and law. To equip the stakeholders in the technological field about the way they could protect their applications or intelligence of their mind. To suggest potential ways in which the hindrance and monotony caused by IP could be removed in the software and the automobile industry. To promote healthy competition between organizations in the field of technology such that it would be a win-win situation for them and for the public. The application of antitrust laws in the field of IP especially for patent nonuse To determine the circumstances under which Procedures used to benefit the public (such as revocation of the patent and compulsory licensing) can be imposed (especially to ensure that a healthy competition exists in the market). Technology is improving each and every day.   It is very important that IP is protected completely so that the owner reaps the fruits of the intellectual labor.   Each intellectual property instrument (such as patent, copyright, trade secrets, designs, trademarks, database protection, chip protection, etc) tries to protect certain aspects of technology.   For example patents try to protect the revolutionary aspect (such as inventions), whereas Semi-conductor protections tries to protect evolutionary aspects (as the development in semi-conductor technology is incremental in nature).   To a certain extent the trademark and copyright laws flow automatically and several other IP instruments have to compulsorily be registered.  Ã‚   However, copyrights may not offer complete protection (it may also be difficult to apply copyrights to the field of software or the internet as websites and software is constantly updated).   A certain amount of trade secret is lost whenever an emp loyee quits a company. A company’s intellectual property forms a very important resource.   However, the company should be able to determine the nature of its resources and the manner in which it could be exploited.   A company with a good IP strategy could gain a competitive edge in the industry to a certain extent and within varying periods of time (depending on its competitiveness). It can be seen that a company having a single patent would have a distinct advantage in the market.   The opponents of the company may begin to take up alternative strategies that may be ineffective in nature, consume a lot of time or prove to be very costly.   A company should conduct a SWOT analysis of its IP situation.   Even small corporate are beginning to identify IP as an invaluable assets and are using it to enable growth.   The key to success of a company would be to manage it IP resources effectively (through proper identification, maintenance, evaluation, protection, sharing and utilization). In such a competitive age, could the IT and the automobile industry ignore IP and related laws?   I do feel that this could be a very good research question, and each and every aspect including past cases, benefits and limitations of each IP instrument and the manner in which a company could develop an effective IP strategy may be discussed.   Even the potential ways in which the IP owner could misuse his/her laws could be suggested, so that unhealthy competition or monotony is created in the market.   In such circumstances, the law-makers need to bring about certain laws that would create a balance between public interest and the owner of the IP. A company can possess various IP’s and in different fields.   The IP may be a technology which is new and revolutionary or a slight modification of evolution of current technology.   Some of the IP’s that a company could possess include patents, copyrights, database protection, designs protection, trademarks, IC protection, trade secrets, etc.   A company can protect it’s IP in several ways:- Use the trade-secret mechanism to protect its IP (in this way the company would just be protecting its property and not be using it to gain extensive profits). Disclose its IP to the appropriate statutory authorities and obtain relevant IP registrations. Protect it’s IP through contractual means (e.g. licensing of a software) – The contract for use may be for a certain periods of time or may be restricted for use within a certain geographical area. Contents Table of Cases -Table of Statues I.e. 1.Chapter one: Literature Review 1.1. Introduction to intellectual property 1.1.1. What is inventions and what’s not? 1.1.2. Protecting inventions 1.2. Forms of intellectual properties protection 1.3. Cost of the protection, durability, and its effectiveness 1.4. Confidentiality 1. Chapter two: Need to Protect IP in the software and the automobile industry 2.1.1. Secrecy and confidentiality 2.1.2. Need to reward the owner for helping develop and advance technology for the benefit of the society 2.1.3. Creating a health business environment in the Market 2.1.4. Public Benefit (duty of the patent owner to make known new and useful technology for the benefit of the public i.e. to work the invention, and not to wrongfully suppress or hide the technology from the public after obtaining a patent from the patent office), Relevant cases Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.; Pfizer V. Government of India [434 US 308 (1978)]; Remington Products V. North American Philips corporation; Image Technical Services V. Eastman Kodak Co. [504 U.S. 451 (1992)]; Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Inc. v. Michelson case, etc. 3.1. Chapter three: Ways in which the different IP instruments could be implemented and the level of protection provided by each instrument 3.1.1. Patents 3.1.2. Copyrights 3.1.2.1. Database protection 3.1.4. Trademarks 3.1.5. Trade secrets 3.1.6. IC protection 3.1.7. A combination of these 4.1. Chapter four: Business Competition and IP 4.1.1. Instances in which IP has created a healthy competition in the Market 4.1.2. Instances in which IP has created an unhealthy competition in the Market 4.1.3. Manner in which IP has helped to develop technology further 4.1.4. Manner in which IP is acting as a hindrance to the development of technology Case Studies IBM (they currently hold the most number of patents in the US) http://www.ibm.com/ibm/governmentalprograms/ippatent.html#resources; Microsoft http://www.microsoft.com/about/legal/intellectualproperty/default.mspx; Dell 5.1. Chapter five: Problems concerning the Use of IP 5.1. 1 Public Interest 5.1.2. Unhealthy competition 5.2. Ways in which the problems could be solved 6.1. Chapter six: IP Processes in a Company 6.1.1. IP Policy 6.1.2. IP Resources at the Company 6.1.3. Planning and Strategizing 6.1.4. Monitoring and Evaluation 6.1.5. SWOT analysis 6.2. Problems-solving 6.2.1. Infringement Situations or Issues Concerning IP – Sega Enterprises V. Richards; Apple Computers V. Computer Edge, IBcos V. Barclay, Lotus V. Lotus V. Paperback, Lotus V. Borland, Whelan V. Jaslow, Computer Associates V. Altai (1992), John Richardson V. Flanders (1993), Gottschalk V. Benson (1972), Parker V. Flock (1978), in re Abele (1982), Canter Fitzgerald V. Tradition (UK), Lab Corp v Metabolite, in re Walter (1980), in re Freeman (1978), Microsoft Clipboard Application (2006), Arryhythmia Reascarhe V. Corazonix (1992), Re Alapatt (1994), Softman v. Adobe, Koch and Sterzelix-ray apparatus (1988), VICOM Application (1987), Fujistu’s Application (1997), MAI V. Peak Computers, State Bank V. Signature Financial (1998), ATT V. Excell Comm. (1999), Amazon V. Barnes and noble.com (1999), Mark and Spencer V. One in a Million (1998), Tata Tea V. Gem Lifts (D2000-1823), Novell V. CPU, IBM Text processing Appication (1989), Geodynamik device (2002), 7.1. Conclusion 7.1.1. The Future of IP in the software and automobile industry 7.1.2. The unanswered questions -Bibliography References: Calton, J. 2001, â€Å"Dissolving the Digital Dilemma: metatheory and intellectual property†, Human Systems Management, vol. 20, pp. 19-23. Edward Lowe Foundation 2003, How to Gain a Competitive Edge, [Online], Available: http://www.lowe.org/index.elf?page=ssercstoryid=8869function=story, [Accessed: 2007, May 17]. Kurth, A. 2005, Software/Electrical Lawyers, [Online], Available: http://www.andrews-kurth.com/Page.aspx?BD_ID=5555, [Accessed: 2007, May 17]. Maheswari, U. 2002, Implications of Biotechnology on Patents and Food Security, [Online], Available: http://www.altlawforum.org/Resources/lexlib/biotech, [Accessed: 2007, May 17]. NSW 2007, Intellectual Property (IP), [Online], Available: http://www.smallbiz.nsw.gov.au/smallbusiness/Technology+in+Business/Intellectual+Property/, [Accessed: 2007, May 17]. Ramakrishna, T. 2005, Basic principles and Acquisition of Intellectual Property Rights, NLSIU, Bangalore. Ramakrishna, T. 2005, Information Technology Related Intellectual Property Rights, NLSIU, Bangalore. USPTO 2005, General Information Concerning Patents, [Online], Available: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/novelty, [Accessed: 2007, May 17]. WIPO 2007, What is Intellectual Property?, [Online], Available: http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/index.html, [Accessed: 2007, May 17].

Choosing A Good Food And Beverage Outlet Marketing Essay

Choosing A Good Food And Beverage Outlet Marketing Essay 1. Introduction Imagine yourself are feeling hungry and feel confused where to eat? Which food and beverage outlet would you prefer to dine in? You might be confused as there are many restaurants in PJ area, these are the question that sometimes comes from our mind. Either to try dines at a restaurant you have not visit before or come back and dine to the restaurant you have tried. The previous study shows that a demand of ethnic food is has increase in worldwide, due to the influence of ethnic diversity, difference of overseas food and cultural experiences on different foods (Josiam Monteiro, 2004). As there are many type of restaurant in Malaysia, therefore in this study I will be focusing on ethnic based restaurants, and focus on Petaling Jaya area. It is important to know about consumers preference especially students in choosing ethnic restaurant. As we know, Petaling Jaya has lots of university and college around and its good to targeting the student to introduce and experiencing ethnic food to them. As there are research problem arise from this study, therefore I come out with research questions which are, What are the factors that can influence student in choosing ethnic restaurant to eat? and also How to improve the ethnic Asian restaurant in order to fulfil student needs based on their behaviour? This study shows that student will become customer for now and for the next generation. There are several objectives arise from this research such as to examine the factors affecting student preference of ethnic Asian restaurant, to find out eating behaviour of student towards ethnic Asian restaurant Lastly, to assist restaurant owners particularly of ethnic restaurant for them to understand deeper on the pattern of student behaviour in restaurant selection This research consists of five chapters in order to meet the research objective. This report would make a significant contribution for the ethnic restaurant owners or the related industry players, with a focus on the factors that affecting student preference of ethnic Asian restaurant in Malaysia. The second chapter begins with a review of the literature related to the buying behaviour of consumer and the consumer buying process. Furthermore, it describes the methodology used in conducting this research in chapter three. After all the details of the results obtained, together with a discussion on the detailed meaning of those findings are presented in chapter four which is under findings and analysis. Then, recommendations and conclusion will be showed at the end. 1.1 Malaysia Foods Understanding the culture in Malaysia is really essential in order to develop a new restaurant or to improve an existing restaurant. Malaysia is a multi-ethnic and multi-culture country with the population in February 2007 is 62% Malays, 24% Chinese, and 8% Indians, the rest are others (Zahari, et al, 2005). The Malays are the largest community, which defined as Muslim because Malaysia is an Islamic country. Each population in Malaysia has different unique culture. The main food product in Malaysia is the same, no matter what the cultures are, and it is rice. They usually eat with different side dish such as vegetable, meat, and seafood. 1.1.1 Malays Cuisine The Malays cuisine shows strong influences from the countryside, like Indonesia. The religions of these malays are mostly Muslim. In order to fulfill the needs of Malaysian, the cuisine in Malaysia must have certificated of Halal, which means the food in one restaurant does not contain any ingredient from any part or product of animals that are considered non-halal to Muslims by Islamic Law or products of animals, which are not slaughtered according to Islamic Law. But, the government also allows the restaurant with non-halal food to grow in Malaysia. Malays culture has different manner of dining. They use their fingers to eat, if they are not using any utensils. Malays are advised not to eat more than two-third of their capacity and sharing is recommended. Malays cuisine incorporates a lot of herbs and spices. Preparation and seasoning are important factors when it comes to the making Malays cuisine. Desserts are a must for any Malays meal, either only fruits or sweet dessert that i ncludes ingredients such as coconut milk, palm sugar, and flour. According to the research conducted, Malays consume more flour products than other ethnic groups (Zahari, et al, 2005). 1.1.2 Chinese Cuisine The Chinese have been setting in Malaysia for many centuries. It has been influenced by Malays culture. Their eating habit is slightly different from Malays. Most of the Chinese prefers to eat the food from their origin country, called as Chinese food. The taste of the food is more salty compare to Malays food. The Chinese can eat in non-halal restaurant. That is one of the reason a lot of restaurants in Malaysia are non-halal. Chinese eating manner is usually eating their foods with chopstick. They usually eat the rice in the bowl with the side dish separately in small plate. The manner of eating is shared with their family or friends. For the dessert, they prefer to have fruits. From the research of the Chinese restaurant, they mostly have more variety in appetizer compare to the dessert. The culture of Chinese is they like to hang out together with their friends in the restaurant, do some drinking beer or might be drink tea only (Zahari, et al, 2005) 1.1.3 Indians cuisine The Indian community in Malaysia is the smallest of the three main ethnic cultures. The Indian who come to Malaysia bring with them the Hindu culture, especially for their cuisine. The cuisine of Indian is similar with Malay cuisine. They use a lot of herbs and spices that originated from India. The example of Indian cuisine is curry, briyani rice. The taste of their cuisine is tastier and have unique flavor compare to other ethnic cuisine. The eating manner in Indian culture is almost the same with Malays culture. If they not use the utensil, they will eat using their finger (Zahari, et al, 2005). Many cultures have greatly influenced the cuisine, from Malaysia and the surrounding areas. Most of the influence comes from Malay, Chinese, Indian, Thai, Javanese, and Sumatran culture. And most of this is due to Malaysia is a part of the ancient spice route. The cuisine is very similar to Singapore and Brunei, and also bears resemblance to Filipino cuisine. The different states of Malaysia have varied dishes. Most of the time, the food in Malaysia is different from the original dishes. This means that although much of Malaysian food can be traced back to a certain culture, they have their own identity. Therefore, these researches are conduct to another ethnical food that is minority provided in Malaysia, for example Korean food, Thailand food, Indonesian food, Japanese food and Vietnamese food. 1.2 Petaling Jaya Eating is one of Malaysias cultures as they have varieties of national and international food, and Petaling Jaya area is one of the favourite eating places for food hunter in this nation. With an abundance of eateries all over the place, and this city also often dubbed Foodies Haven by food lovers (www.asiawebdirect.com). All types of food and establishment can be found here. From 24 hour mamak stalls to bistros, these place are becoming heart and soul of the city. The reason why this research will conduct on Petaling Jaya area is because Petaling jaya is located on petaling district of Selangor state. This is one of the largest cities in Selangor state. 1.3 Ethnic foods The terminology of Ethnic food has been defined by various study. Ethnic food can be defines as a product that have a special ethnic (racial or national) or cultural group favours (The food marketing research, 2008). Ethnic food also could be defined as a specific cuisine that reflect characteristic of the local origin (Utami, 2004). Turgeon and Pastinelli ( 2002,pg. 252) refers ethnic as people that come from different land and a foreign to widespread the culture. An ethnic restaurant means a restaurant that publicity a a regional cuisine of another land (Turgeon and Pastinelli, 2002). 2. Literature review 2.1 Introduction In order to identify how consumer decide which restaurant to dine-in, first, we must understand the studies of buyers behaviour as it is significant and there are many factors that manipulate the manners of customer in selecting food choices. The marketing literature explained that many features may affect the shoppers purchase decision which consists of individual and psychological attributes, cultural, social and environmental variables and promotional strategies (Belk, 1975). Consumers are unique and this distinctiveness can be revealed in the consumption pattern and purchase practice (Pravin Tripathi 2008). The restaurant owners should recognize and understand the consumer because food and beverage outlets are expanded through the consumers preferred of food choice and how popular the restaurants among consumers. The aim of this paper will include consumer behaviour by using consumer decision-making process as foundation and identifies the factors that influence decision about their food preference of ethnic restaurant. This review explains about relationship between consumers and services, consumer decision-making process, and studies of consumers restaurant selection behaviour. Moreover, the connections between customer satisfaction, food quality, service quality and behavioural of choosing are discussed. Lastly, other factors that influence the selection of food are personality traits for example, neophobia and sensation seeking (Stone Pangbom, 1990; Venkatramaiah Devaki, 1990; Raudenbush et al. 1995; Pliner Melo, 1997) and socio economic factors such as, socio economic status, the price of foods (Cabanac, 1995; Jeffrey French, 1996, Steptoe Wardle, 1999). 2.2 Consumers and Services It is important for the service providers to understand how consumers evaluate their offerings (Zeithaml, 1981). Consumers cannot evaluate services in the same way they do to physical goods as services, because they have distinctive characteristics and experience quality. Therefore, services are finding more difficult to evaluate compare to physical goods. The main characteristics that can make services are different from physical goods are: intangibility, variability, inseparability, and perishability. (Kotler et al., 1998; Zeithaml, 1981; 2003) 2.2.1 Intangibility There is an argued between the difference of product and service in the characteristic of intangibility. As a matter of fact it has been said that intangibility is the key to determining whether or not an offering is a service or product (Zeithaml and Bitner, 1996). The intangible quality of service is the services that cannot be seen, touched, feel or taste like physical goods ( Zeithaml, 1981). Usually people are using tangible and intangible factors to make restaurant choice decisions before they come and eat at the restaurant (Rammaniya, 1998). Auty,1992; Soriano, 2002 stated that some of intangible factors from restaurant are: food quality, service quality and value for money. These intangible characteristic of service makes a hard decision to do the actual purchase. Therefore, most of the restaurants are rely on tangible factors such as facilities of the restaurant, decoration, and also atmosphere to fulfil the customers expectation about the restaurants (Bitner, 1990; Wall Be rry, 2007). 2.2.2 Variability Service has a numerous meanings because service may vary across service providers, employees, consumers and service encounters ( Zeithaml Bitner, 2003). The diversity of services makes it difficult for consumers to provide criteria towards one service provider to another service provider (S.Burton, 1990). On the other hand, restaurant operators face challenges due to maintaining consistency of the performance levels between food quality and service quality ( Cadotte Turgeon, 1988). For example, if one waitress provides a good service today and makes the consumers happy, it doesnt mean that on the next day that waitress will be perform the exact service to the same consumers as the previous day. (Kotler et al., 1998). 2.2.3 Inseparability Service is a unique characteristic which are cannot be produced and consumed at the same time before they are purchased and usually called as a simultaneous process ( Zeithmal Bitner, 2003). The service and the product of the restaurant cannot be sold individually, means that are the important thing to get the good perception from guest for their dining experience ( Kotler et al, 1998). 2.2.4 Perishablility Service cannot be stored. In difference to physical goods, it can be stored and sold at the next time, but services are a waste if they are not sold on the day available (Hoffman Bateson, 2001). Similarly, if one customer already reserved a table on the restaurant and suddenly the customer did not show up, it will cause the restaurant operator loss for that table that have been reserved on that day when the restaurant full occupied (Kotler et al., 1998). Service providers often notice it difficult to balance the demand and supply of the services that given by unpredictable character of consumer demand for services ( Holfman Bateson, 2001) 2.3 Consumer decision making process The buyers decision process is significant if the correct information of is distributed at the right time and at the right manner (Chris, 2005), and these literature are explain the steps of consumers decision that typically used when making purchase for a service. The consumer decision-making process are consists of five level which is: recognition from the consumers, information done by the consumers, evaluation of other alternative for the food, service purchase and consumption by consumers and also post purchase evaluation (Zeithaml Bitner, 2003) 2.3.1 Recognition The buying process and choice of food preference can start with the customer will identify a dilemma or a need, for example I am hungry or when a customer will respond to a marketing stimulus such as when you pass by at Starbucks and you are drawn to the aroma of the muffins (Fill, 2005). In a restaurant, Finkelstein (1989) highlight that modern restaurant has lots to do with psychological desire to get recognition for the customer about the restaurant. They want to be seen as a restaurant that could project their brand images and as a part of latest trends (Finkelstein, 1989). 2.3.2 Information Search The information search begins when a customer will decide how much information is needed, if the need is strong and that if it meets the desires and wants. Consumer can find information in many basis (Fill, 2005). Personal sources such as family and friends commercial sources for instants: advertising and packaging and public sources such as, examining and using the product. Once the need recognised, usually the consumers will find for some information about the service provided to fulfil their need. Consumers may look information from their relative or friend and also can search the information from outsource such as internet or magazine as their way to discover what are the services that they purchase ( Zeithaml, 1981) Restaurant meals was one of the categories to be considered in experience quality as they cannot be measure before the purchase, means that the selection of the restaurant was identify to be high( Zeithaml, 1981). Most of the consumers are relied to the personal sources like word of mouth from friends that already experience the restaurants before(Ladhari, Brun, Morales, 2008). 2.3.3 Evaluation of alternatives The study explains that customers generally select the product which is provided by personal source in contrast with commercial sources (Brunett, 2000). In the assessment stage the customer will then analyze how important and imperative the product and services is to them (Brunett, 2000). Once the customers collect all their information needed, they start to raise another set of alternative. The alternative means that option to considered that the price are compatible with the product or service ( Zeithaml, 1981). Consumer can evaluate their alternative by analyzing other factors that related to their needs. They have a different level of the factor affects or likely to choose the service that provide best option that most important to them (Kotler et al., 1998). For example, from two restaurants that offer same menu and service but the other restaurant can get the customer trust just because of one of the restaurant provide cheaper price or other factors that affect consumer decisio n (Brooke, 2004). 2.3.4 Purchase In this level, a purchase decision will take place if the consumers need is strong. If the food is not perceived as positive in its appearance, smell, texture or taste, it is unlikely to be eaten (Hetherington and Rolls 1996).After comparing the alternative, it is the time for the consumer to make a decision to purchase from their chosen service provider. On this level, restaurant service can have different experience from their consumers (Zeithaml Bitner, 2003). 2.3.5 Post Purchase Evaluation On last level, the post purchase evaluation refer to the concern of the customer after purchasing, for instants, a customer think that the food served in the food court are more cheap and more appetizing than the food served in the fast casual restaurants. In this situation, the customer will dine in the food court in his next visit (Kotler, 2005). For example, after dining in an Italian Restaurant, you realized that you want to eat in a Chinese Restaurant instead (Pravintripathi, 2008). The importance of understanding of consumer behaviour plays an important role in the shopping mall operators which have an impact to their marketing strategies. There are several diverse factors that influence the behaviour and priorities of a consumer. Nevertheless additional in depth research and studies are necessary in this field. In addition, there are many factors that can influence consumer restaurant choice in shopping malls in Malaysia. Therefore, below we are going to discuss all the factors that could influence consumer restaurant. Restaurant operator can apply these factors to plan strategies to influence the behaviour of their customers (Monteiro, 2000). 2.4 Food quality, service quality and customer satisfaction The literature of service marketing shows a connection between food quality, service quality, satisfaction of customer and also repeat patronage intention. In general, food quality was mostly affected customer satisfaction and behavioural intention (Namkung Jang, 2007). Furthermore, it has been well authorize by a number of studies that service quality is an priority reason to determine customer satisfaction (Chow et al, 2007) Research Methodology The research methodology that will be use in this research paper is quantitative technique, the data collection method will be a form of survey which is questionnaire and the sampling method will be the student from college and university student. The respondents will be male and female in different background and profile but more specific of their ages between 18-25 years old. The reason why this research conduct for student because most of generation x especially college student are having their meal away from home, reflecting their largely activity and single lifestyle (hfgconsulting.com) There will be 250 questionnaires distributed and 200 questionnaires expected to be completed in a correct manner. It will be conducted around Petaling Jaya area which are having some international college such as Monash collage, sunway college, Inti college, and other famous collage around Petaling Jaya area. Potential respondents were pre-screened with the question, Have you dined at an upscale ethnic restaurant in the past twelve months? If the answer was yes, respondents were asked to participate in these research by completing the next questions. The survey will be measure by 5 points range scale, range from 1 ( strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).

Soviet Nationalities Policy

Soviet Nationalities Policy After the Bolshevik Revolution, Bolsheviks inherited a vast multinational empire. The Soviet Union inherited the Russian Empires multiethnic character. Composing just over half the population, ethnic Russians shared the worlds first socialist state with more than 100 minorities, some numbering in the millions and others numbering in the low thousands. Some, such as the Poles, were Westernized and urbanized. Others, such as the peoples of the Caucasus and Siberia, lived in small villages and tribal-based societies. Christians, Muslims, Buddhists, and Jews all inhabited Russia and had needs that presented challenges to any state. The problem of what to do with all these different ethnic groups in the new state formed the center of the â€Å"nationality question.† In order to promote the integration of the non-Russians into the Soviet state, Lenin’s nationality policy was practical and flexible enough. Unlike the late tsarist era, when non-Russian ethnic groups were discri minated by the imperial regime, the nationalities enjoyed formal political equality. This was seen as an important requirement for obtaining equal socioeconomic and cultural rights across various peoples and helping less developed nationalities to overcome their backwardness. Lenin believed that this strategy would eliminate ethnic discrepancies and settle the â€Å"nationalities question† for good and Lenin advocated recognition of the various peoples of the old empire as separate nationalities. In the localities the Soviet authorities pursued the policy of â€Å"indigenization† (korenizatsiia), designed to increase steadily the proportion of the representatives of the indigenous nationality in the local party and state administration. In addition, during the 1920s, the center actively co-opted representatives of non-Russian elites into central governing bodies. Moreover, the early nationalities policy of the Bolshevik government displayed considerable tolerance of no n-Russian languages and cultures and even systematically encouraged the development of â€Å"minor† languages. All this helped expand the ranks of non-Russian educated elites and led to a flowering of literature, the arts, and sciences in some of the republics and national autonomies. Korenizatsiia set the stage for the Soviet Unions current crisis of authority among the non-Russians. As an integrated linguistic, cultural, and personnel policy it sought to legitimate multiculturalism in the Soviet Union without creating multiple centers of power. The implementation of this policy during the dislocation wrought by industrialization raised the prestige of non-Russian languages and cultures and created the social bases necessary for multiculturalism. The establishment of multiple official languages and creation of social bases of support for them guaranteed â€Å"long-term or permanent linguistic division†. Korenizatsiia, in effect, â€Å"institutionalized and legitimated linguistic conflict and thus maintained it and perpetuated it†. The liberal language policies and the indigenization drive endured until the mid-1930s, helping to enlist the support of broad sections of non-Russian populations for the party and the Communist regime. More controversially, they accelerated the process of nation building among major nationalities and nudged some of the minor ones in the same direction. The â€Å"indigenized† administrations tended toward greater independence from the center and craved greater national and cultural autonomy. They became breeding grounds for the spread of national communism in the republics as the desire to combine Communist ideas with national traditions. Contrary to the expectations of the Communist authorities, their policies did not do away with nationalism, but gave rise to nationalist ideologies and to gradual consolidation of nationalities into nations. It was clear that the evolving national elites would not remain content for long with formal equality and would sooner or later claim gr eater political rights to complement their cultural and language rights.Between 1933 and 1938, korenizatsiia was not actually repealed. Its provisions merely stopped being enforced. There also began purges of the leaderships of the national republics and territories. The charge against non-Russians was that they had instigated national strife and oppressed the Russians or other minorities in the republics. In 1937 it was proclaimed that local elites had become hired agents and their goal had become dismemberment of the Soviet Union. Stalin’s radical policies were accompanied by purges among republican elites to curb any nationalist tendencies and â€Å"deviations.† They soon escalated into an all-encompassing wave of terror that peaked in 1936-38. It dealt a crushing blow to the administrative elites in the republics. The terror affected the elites of all nationalities, but its consequences in the union republics were particularly severe as it undermined many of the ac hievements of indigenization. Stalin’s policies and the methods used to enforce them to a great extent put a chill on the process of nation building that had begun in the 1920s. As a result of the Stalin revolution, many of the ideological imperatives of the Soviet nationality policy were transformed. In the 1920s the party leadership had sought to eradicate all vestiges of the imperial mentality of Russians, derided as â€Å"Great Russian Chauvinism.† Now the emphasis was reversed, and local nationalism was perceived a much bigger threat. The calls for international solidarity of proletarians were replaced by the new integrating ideology of Soviet patriotism and by the leader’s cult. Yuri Slezkine has described the USSR as a communal apartment in which each national group had its own room. To be sure, not all rooms were of the same size or importance. It should be noted, however, that to the very end of its existence the USSR remained at least rhetorically, but also in many practical ways, committed to the idea of cultural diversity. Russian culture was certainly â€Å"first among equals primus inter pares†, but a certain space was always granted to non-Russian language and culture. The Soviet Union was a communal apartment, where each of the national republics had a separate room. They could decorate the room however they liked. They got to make the major decisions, but never pretended that they owned the apartment. He gives details the â€Å"Great Transformation† of 1928-1932, during which ethnic diversity was highlighted and celebrated; it then explains the â€Å"Great Retreat† during the 1930†²s, when nationalism as a whole was disc ouraged except those select nationalities that reinforced socialist ideas and contributed to the overall success of the USSR. The author states to the fact that certain nationalities were seen as more worthy, therefore superior to others. It may not be along class lines, but the people of the Soviet Union were still divided. This promotion of nationalism most likely created more problems for the Soviet government in the long-term as nationalism grew stronger and threatened the Soviet’s unity and control.

Cross-cultural Learning Essay -- Personal Narrative Essay Example

I was lucky enough to be raised in a family that strongly felt its Irish and Celtic heritage should be celebrated. From them, I learned the beauty of my own culture, and an appreciation to learn the cultures of others. I brought that appreciation with me through life, and found it to make all the difference. Â   My earliest cross-cultural experience that I can remember with clarity was the Spanish exchange student who was hosted by one of my aunts. Mai not only taught me about her culture, which in turn piqued an interest in the Spanish/Latino culture that continues to this day, but she also helped me to appreciate many small, seemingly insignificant aspects of my own culture. Â   I built upon my cross-cultural experiences as I befriended exchange students from Belgium, Japan, and Korea. Each time, the friendships enriched my appreciation and understanding of not only my own culture, but the very concept of culture. What falls under the cultural blanket can vary from person to person, and I found it to be very interesting that while one person could claim lan...

Integration - Its Time for a Change Essay -- Current Events

Integration - It's Time for a Change Integration is definitely not working, or being used the way it was intended. Sure it's working in the sense that the schools are more diverse then when they were segregated, but integration is no where near where it should be and where it was intended to be. There are a few key points that demonstrate why integration isn't working like it should. The most obvious is the lack of integrations in a lot of schools, and the lack of diversity in our classes. Like we saw in the documentary, the schools are integrated, but the classes are segregated. Integration in some schools has led to tracking, which essentially is institutionalized racism- the opposite of what integration is for. Although we have programs like METCO, we don't have nearly enough. There isn't enough integration in our schools, and there isn't anything changing that. Programs that did have volunteer integration have been cancelled because of lack of funding, and support by the community and government. I think that districts themselves need to be more involved in tryi...

Marketing Research Essay

Conclusion The purpose of this research is to identify whether Dilmah should continue the current campaign or modify the campaign. The result from the secondary research and primary qantative research show the total black tea sales has great increased about 13% from 2008 – 2009 which is a fantastic result in the world economic recession period of time. Dilmah has market share of 29% which is the highest share of one brand. Dilmah target customer is traditional family and age is from middle to mature group. The Larry report says their customers are satisiftied with the freshest and finest tea quality and consumers agreed Dilmah has achieved the goal of tea quality. The main tea market are in Auckland 51% in 2009, Wellington and Canterburry. From primary research findings, female has higher purchasing tea percentage than male and the age group is 36 and more. People who are employeed as income earner less than 20 hours is recall seeing the TV advertising. Dilmah doesn’t have the top of mind brand awareness for the age group 36-45 but it is mostly recognized by the age group 26-35. Dilmah issues Bell is a very strong competitetor of Dilmah in black tea market as they have a very close market share percentages over years from 2005 to 2009. Bell is more reconigized at the age group of 35 – 46 by 94% (193) but the age group of 18 – 25 and 46 and over still have 67% and 61% top of mind brand awareness for Bell. The 58% of age group 26 – 35 has top of mind brand awareness for Dilmah and the 33% of age group 18 – 25 has top of mind brand awareness for Dilmah. 59% of male and 64% female all reconigized Bell but 39% male and 13% female know Dilmah as top of mind brandawareness. 6% of less 20 hrs knows Bell but 15% knows Dilmah. 61% of non employeed knows Dilmah†¦but which they might not be the main group who purchase tea normally in the household. 32% of 35 – 46 who purchased tea Be to cafe last 4 weeks: Female purchased tea more $704,000 and is about 4 times than male $188,000 at sales. Top main 3 group purchase tea 40 – 44, 45  œ 49 and 70 and over RM: Who bought tea last 4 months: * 2 main group:64% of traditional family (middle to mature age with stable income and family oriented and traditional value) and 41% visible achievers and they have very similar family values Who purchased tea last 3 months * 36 – 45 and 46 and over for bell (29% of interviewers purchased Bell Tea) * 26 – 35 and 36 – 45 for Dilmah (30% of interviewer purchased Dilmah) * 25% purchased Twinings The market trend to drink black has started from 2007 because the black tea sale. The total black sale of 2005 to 2009 has increased steadily which presented the successful of the media and publicity from the secondary data findings. The result shows that those three major brands Dilmah, Bell and Twinings are invested into the most effective forms of media at the past three to four years. Dilmah media expenditure has always been the highest in TV advertising from 2005 – 2008 ( 67% to 91% of Dilmah total expenditure of media) apart from 2009 comparing to the major three tea brands. Bell, the second tea brand spent the most amount of money in TV advertisement at 2009 which showed the result of the total tea sale was the only one brand has had increases sales from 2008 to 2009 about few percentages. Dilmah reduced the spending for TV advertisement about 23% which has slightly reduced the tea sales about little percentage but Dilmah is still No. 1 of black tea market. As a result, Dilmah has been always focusing on the right media form for advertising their product and has been successful on the result of sales and market share. Nevertheless, Dilmah still lacks the brand awareness as it shows in the primary / qanatative research findings that Dilmah did not come to â€Å"Top of mind brand awareness† and Bell was the first tea brand comes to their mind. 62% of interviewers chose Bell and only 22% of interviewers chose Dilmah which makes Dilmah comes second. This clearly shows Dilmah has significant issue about the brand awareness which has always been an issue of them trying to achieve it. From the research findings, the main group which has been purchased tea for last four months are The total black tea market sales from 2008 – 2009 has huge growth about 13%. The total The purpose of this research is to identify whether Dilmah should continue the current campaign or modify the campaign. The result from the secondary research and primary qantative research are showing the most effective forms of media and publicity is TV advertising which the campaign is focusing on. The past few years that Dilmah has been focus on TV advertising and the result shows the sales of Dilmah black tea has been increased steadily. It proved TV advertising has achieved the result of increasing the sales of tea. The research has investigated the 5 objectives which are key trends in the tea market, key customer segments and a profile of each, levels of brand awareness and measure attitudes towards teas as a drink. The findings show Dilmah should continue the current campaign as it is. Key trend in the tea market (market size, market share and price†¦etc) Key customer segment and a profile of each Brand Awareness The most effective form of media and publicity Attitude toward to tea as a drink Recommendation Id research problems / to understand / to investigate / to explore The primary research has contained five objectives are key trend in the tea market, key customer segments, the most effective forms of media and publicity and the measurement attitude towards tea as a drink. Unfortunately, it has had 800 survey but female is almost double of male. This may because the survey accuracy as the secondary research findings shows female has much higher percentage of purchasing the tea which might affect the survey. Beside, there is one more important finding that from middle to mature age groups are also the main groups of tea purchasing. The survey also has higher percentage people at the age group of 36 – 45 and 45 and over. In the primary research, it has covered quite well at the brand awareness question but there are not enough information which required to support the campaign should keep going or modify at the objectives of effectiveness of media, attitude to buy / drink tea and profile of customer segment. The key customer segment by employment should be full time worker, part time worker or non-employed. It will be good to know who does grocery shopping of the household. Full time housewife with out job or Housewife with part time job, part time student or full time student The attitude toward to tea as drink will be good to have the question of what kind of tea is the most favorite to drink? Answer to be black, herbal and green tea which can help to know the current trend of drink tea. * Main reasons of purchasing the tea What kind packaging is the most favourite etc paper bag, tin, glass jar †¦etc†¦ * What kind of advertising comes to mind when you think about tea advertising? * What would you expect to see from tea advertising? Tea history, fashion trend, tea taste†¦etc * Attitude to buy / drinking tea? (change to actionable statement – to identify * Effectiveness of advertising * Profile of segments – behaviour (drinking tea) The secondary and primary researches have got a numbers of good information and data to support the continued campaign of TV advertisement as the most effective form of media. However, it still lack the important information and data key customer segment, attitude toward to tea as drink and the type of tea advertising to support the campaign. The key customer segment will indicate which group is main consumers purchase tea for the household and when and where will the best time to have campaign on according the life consumers. The great information of attitude toward tea as drink can modify the campaign to the advertising that consumers would expect to see and also show who main consumers are. The type of media form will encourage consumers to purchase Dilmah tea brand. Sometimes, it is very hard to encourage consumers to change the brand they have drunk for long time as tea is a very family oriented drink. Drinking tea can be the family habit which dominated by the main person who is shopping for the household. For that reason, it is essential to have the focus group qualitative research to The research requires 8 – 12 people and homogeneous in terms of demorgraphic and socio-economic characteristics. Of course, those people need to have the habit of drinking tea. The final thing is has not participated in many focus groups. The reseach will also require a relax environment and it will takes about 1. 5 – 2 hours. The research will be recorded all relvant information including facial expression and body language so the recorder will need to be in the central front of the room behind the moderator. The moderator will question the group and lead the discussion to the proper way to encourage the group not be afraid to express own ideas and opinions. A good qualified moderator will be detached but kind and Final statement Identify the need for qual research †¦ (topic) To explain yes we have got some good information but still lack some important information†¦ for support – to provide more about how to present to public†¦ to recommend what should need according to behaviour†¦ or age group†¦ Just comes one statement that is actionable to complete by the research (your task)†¦ Going to Appendix Good morning/ afternoon Thank you for taking the time to meet with us. We will honor your time by making sure that we wrap up in the next 90 minutes. Does anyone mind if we tape record this for our records? The tape will be only use for the case study of the major tea brand campaign design. We are researchers under contract with the major tea brand to conduct the tea brand awareness and the attitude toward to tea as a drink. Our evaluation is formative and qualitative. This means that our primary point is to gather information that helps the major tea brand origination finest tea product and improve the brand awareness. The information we collect is by design descriptive rather than numeric. We have a system for quantifying qualitative information, but for now, we don’t need to be concerned with counting things. We just want your ideas and opinions. There is no right and wrong for each question and each idea and opinion are all very valuable information for the research. Any question before we start? Be sure that everyone signs and completes the info on the sign-up sheet. Key themes Suggested question End the guide with some kind of thank you and conclusion – recognize that people will have gone out of their way to participate

Models of Teaching

1. (a) One of my unit plans major strengths is the way in which it utilized many different teaching strategies that are compatible with the different ways in which students learn. Visual learners are able to benefit from in class activities such as identifying vocabulary words on a blueprint and collecting magazine photos of items from the vocabulary list and making a collage. Students who learn best through physical activity will become more familiar with vocabulary words through activities like purchasing the vocabulary items at a simulated store and participating in role play activities. Students who learn by hearing will also benefit from role play activities and hearing and using the vocabulary in the dialogue that will be used and practiced in class. Another strength of my unit plan is the emphasis it places on combing individual learning activities with group work. Individual activities will allow the student to commit the daily lessons to memory at his or her own pace, and they will also allow an informal opportunity for assessment. Group activities will facilitate the development of the students’ social skill. (b) My plan focuses heavily on the Application level of Bloom’s Taxonomy. Students are required to use the newly acquired vocabulary words to describe items they may need for class. They are also required to use the words to describe items they have at home, and items they would like to have, thus allowing the students to apply the newly learned words to everyday life. The students will also apply the vocabulary in activities such as the simulated store setting and in group activities in which they will engage in dialogue and describe the items they have in class. (c) I would strengthen my plan by creating more interdisciplinary learning experience. Although my plan does somewhat incorporate interdisciplinary learning by including an activity in which students will identify vocabulary items that are needed for other classes (i.e. pencil, eraser, calculator for math), there are other ways in which different academic subject areas may be combined to facilitate learning in Spanish. 2. (a) Assessment will have two primary roles in my instruction. First, it will serve to help in gauging the different ways in which the students learn and their areas of strength and weakness. In this way, assessment will provide feedback regarding how lessons and teaching methods can be tailored to best meet the needs of each student. (b) Second, state standards will serve as a minimum target level of achievement that I would work to assist each student in meeting and exceeding. (c) An example of an assessment that I would use to gain feedback is the oral vocabulary test, which requires the students to listen to, spell, and define the word. Tests which focus on grammar and writing skills will not only be used to gauge the student’s skill levels, but they will also be used to ensure that the students are meeting state requirements in areas such as writing, grammar, and comprehension. 3. I would first look at the areas in which the students struggled as well are areas in which the students may have strengths. I would then determine the ways in which student is best able to learn (i.e. visually, orally, or by participating in activities). After determining the student’s learning style, I would focus on these students more during activities which incorporate the specific style in which the student is best able to learn. Finally, I would pair those students who struggle with stronger students during group activities so that the students who struggled on last year’s assessments may interact with their peers and be helped by them. B. I would like to incorporate a real-life example that focuses on the lesson (i.e. a Spanish-themed television show, video, book, or movie that focuses on the typical day of Spanish youth at home and at school). After presenting the material to the class, the students would report on their observations of a typical day in the life of the Spanish characters, and they would give their opinions on Spanish culture and how it compares to their own culture. This activity would help students improve their listening skills (in the case of a video, television show, or movie) or their reading skills (in the case of a book). The report that the students would be required to complete and present would allow students to develop their writing and presentation skills.

Catering and Marketing Essay

To perform successfully, a catering service must be market-oriented and should apply the marketing concept, which is derived from the assumption that a product should be capable of meeting the needs of consumers, foremost, through its quality. To fully meet the needs and wants of costumers on the one hand, and to accomplish its business goals on the other hand, a catering business needs to combine the elements of the marketing mix in order to be as successful as possible in selling its product on the market. Guest satisfaction must be ensured. I. INTRODUCTION â€Å"Marketing is not only much broader than selling; it is not a specialized activity at all. It encompasses the entire business. It is the whole business seen from the point of view of the final result, that is, from the customer’s point of view. Concern and responsibility for marketing must therefore permeate all areas of the enterprise.† – Peter Drucker Food is an indispensable part of the human needs and wants that is always present in every circumstance. It is a usual unison that people have in an event which covers a large number of people dining and feasting meaning a reason for the essence of catering services. Catering services is one of the most dynamic business groups in the food and beverage industry. By industry definition, catering is the planned service of food and beverages – in contrast to restaurants, where food and beverages are generally served on demand. The opportunity for catering services to provide planned food and beverages is far greater than it is for restaurants. While restaurants are business units that serve the general public within their operating facilities, catering services, for the most part, can be provided in any venue, public or private. Unlimited types of settings, both indoors and out, are used for catering functions. The number of people who can be served at a catering function range from one to many, many more – often totalling in the thousands. For a service organization such as catering to acquire customers, it is important that marketing strategies be deployed to improve its own ability to compete with other catering services gain a competitive advantage and thus retain a greater number of customers. Marketing is an important aspect of every catering operation. As customer demands increase for catering-related services, corresponding marketing efforts must be developed. Catering business can live and die by the strength of their marketing efforts, particularly in areas with high levels of competition. An effective marketing plan can lead to the growth of your customer base, larger catering jobs, and increased profits. As consumers grow increasingly, the role of advertising and publicity become the primary vehicles for information about food and service. Definition of Terms Marketing. It is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging oï ¬â‚¬erings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. Strategy. It is the direction and scope of an organization over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organization through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations. Catering. The activity of providing food and beverage for events. Marketing Mix. A planned mix of the controllable elements of a product’s marketing plan commonly termed as 4Ps: product, price, place, and promotion. Product. Represents a set of tangible and intangible elements used to satisfy the needs and wants of consumers. Promotion. The publicization of a product to increase sales or public awareness Price. A value that will purchase a finite quantity of a product or service. Product Distribution. It is the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by a consumer. Scope and Delimitation of the Study This study is conducted specifically on eleven (11) Catering Services in the locality of Bataan. Specifically the eleven (11) catering services are as follows: 1. Tony and Ann Catering Services – located in Balanga City 2. Mommy-Tah’s Catering – located in Orion 3. Petrius Resto and Bar Catering – located in Balanga City 4. Goldiluz Catering – located in Balanga City 5. Ysiad’s Catering – located in Balanga City 6. Cora’s Catering – located in Orion 7. Junifred Catering Service and Accessories- located in Orani 8. Cj’s Catering Services – located in Dinalupihan 9. Mattro Catering Services- located in Hermosa 10. Gourmet Catering and Flower Shop- located in Orani 11. Know- Well Catering Services- located in Abucay The eleven (11) Catering Services were subjected to survey questionnaire. One catering services at a time. Furthermore, this study was limited to finding only the effectiveness of the marketing strategies used by the different catering services. Statement of the Problem The main purpose of this study was to find out the effectiveness of marketing strategies used by different catering services in the locality of Bataan. Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions. 1. Is there a significant relationship between the location of the business and its marketing strategies? 2. Is there a significant relationship between the number of years of the business and its marketing strategies? Significance of the Study A study such as this enabled the different catering services in the locale to see if their marketing strategies were effective to increase their income. Furthermore, this is also important to all the catering services for this will help them in the promotion of their services using different marketing strategies. With the use of various marketing strategies, catering services may lead to higher income. Moreover, the useful and relevant information acquired from this study may help future researchers in the same field of study. This study will further help the catering services to develop more effective marketing strategies. Related Literature According to Scanlon (2007), the marketing mix includes the marketing strategy elements and may be conducted either as an alternative to the marketing cycle or as a continuing activity in the market process. The marketing mix incorporates the four basic elements into the overall strategy of marketing a product or service. The four basic elements consist of: †¢ a product (product) †¢ the price of the product (price) †¢ the promotion of the product, and (promotion) †¢ the distribution of the product. (place) The product. This is the primary element of the marketing mix, with the other elements adjusting to it depending on the given situation. The product represents a set of tangible and intangible elements used to satisfy the needs and wants of consumers. The product has all the attributes of a service, and it is designated for the market. What is a service, and which are the attributes of a product as a service? A service represents the result of the interaction of three basic elements: the user (guest), equipment (facility), and the service staff (staff). This result should meet the needs of guests (for example, wedding reception). The process of building a service brand is vital to the product as a service. Becoming distinctive in the marketplace and building a brand helps to gain the trust of guests. Product price. The pricing should be based on three key elements: †¢ service demand, †¢ costs incurred in creating services, and †¢ comparing and adjusting prices to those of rivals on the market. Some potential customers are more sensitive to prices than others. For some, price is the single variable on which they base their decision to buy (or not to buy) a product, while others care nothing for the price, as long as it guarantees the quality of services provided. Hence, businesses need to be elastic in pricing. They must carefully monitor the reactions of customers to prices and, accordingly, adjust or change prices depending upon demand. Costs clearly influence the price of a product, and they determine the bottom price below which a business will begin to loss money. Prices should not, however, be overly cost-oriented, and they should not be increased to cover costs. Instead, they should be based on demand and adjusted to changes on the market. Rivals also play an important role in pricing. A business will often be compelled to change its pricing policy as a result of changes in the prices of rivals. Considering how fierce competition is today, it must be analyzed and mon itored. This means that prices, once fixed, cannot be allowed to remain unchanged, but rather, their adjustment to change should be taken as a sign of their flexibility. Product promotion. To promote a product, the business communicates with the market of demand. The market of demand comprises potential customers, various business organisations and organisations belonging to non-economic branches, and media. In promoting a product, a variety of promotional methods are used to present the product to potential customers and attract their attention. Considering the growing number of promotional methods available today in promoting a product, businesses choose to use a combination of promotional elements.

Marginal social costs Essay

Marginal social costs comprise private and external costs whilst marginal social benefits comprise private and external benefits. Externalities could be positive or negative; for instance, when social benefits greater than private benefits, it is a positive externalities. External costs will steer level of production and consumption above the socially efficient level; or vice versa. ‘In perfect free market system the market forces of supply and demand would lead to the optimal allocation of resources whereas social marginal benefit equals the social marginal cost and community surplus is maximised. ’ (Gillespie, 2007, p102) Price mechanism, the salient feature of a free market economy, acts as the signalling and incentive function as well as rationing device on resource allocation, which is corresponding to Mankiw’s 4th principle: ‘People respond to incentives’ (Mankiw, 2008, p7). Price enables ‘transmission of preferences’ that assists the information flow between entrepreneurs and consumers (Tutor2u, n. d. ). However, resource allocation will only be efficient if the price accurately reflect marginal social costs and benefits of consumption and production; whilst having good levels of information flow and resources mobility in the market economy. Thus, market failure will occur when the ‘signalling and incentive function of the price mechanism fails to operate optimally leading to a loss of economic and social welfare’ (ibid, n. d. ) Social efficiency and equity are the two major objectives of government intervention (Sloman, 2007, p190). Social efficiency occurs when marginal social benefits identical marginal social costs. If marginal social benefits have exceeded marginal social costs, it will be socially efficient to increase production; or vice versa. Equity is ‘fair distribution of resources’, which free market economy claimed as fail to lead both (ibid, p190). Government intervention can be conducted in various ways, such as legislation, taxation and subsidies; however, is claimed may lead to several issues. Price control is a pricing system determined by the government that dictates the prices of a commodity. It could be demonstrate in Figure 7-8. image06. pngPrice ceiling is conducted to make consumers better off. If it is below the equilibrium, (P0 in Figure 8), a shortage will be formed (Q2>Q1), which then lead to welfare loss as in free market economy, price would rise and reach equilibrium at PE. image07. png Price floor, is conducted to make entrepreneurs better off. If it is above equilibrium, (P0 in Figure 9), surplus will be formed (Q2>Q1) which then lead to welfare loss as in free market economy, price would fall to reach equilibrium at PE. However, if government require complete control on a business, it may use nationalisation, which means transferred private company’s ownership into public sector. Government intervention may also lead to issues such as valuation problems, Bureaucracy and lack of incentive. Bureaucracy, for instance, decision-makings may be time-consuming and lack of accuracy as it involved various groups. Moreover, it may virtually encourage the criminal and corrupted activities, such as the ‘black markets’, namely, illegal free markets. Taking everything into consideration, certain conclusions can be drawn. In free markets economy, price and allocation of resources are determined by demand and supply conditions, which their alterations would steer to new equilibrium price and quantity. In addition, government may intervenes the markets in terms of price controls as attempting to remedy market failures and imperfections which however may lead to corruption and inefficiency of allocation and production. References Tutor2u. (n.d.)  AS Markets & Market Systems: Price Mechanism. Retrieved, November 18, 2010 from   http://www.tutor2u.net