Neoclassical Organizational Theory An Overview - 536 Words

Neoclassical Organizational Theory: An Overview Neoclassical organizational theory was born around World War II. In a way, it could be viewed as reactionary to the classical organizational theory which developed earlier in the twentieth century as industry exploded. The rise of classical organizational theories had emphasized the organization as the machine and the workers as the gears (Yang, Liu, Wang, 2013). Once employee education improved and productivity developed, then the strict, rigid, and mechanical approach of the classical theories began to create problems (Yang et al., 2013). Thus, the neoclassical theory was introduced. This paper will define neoclassical organizational theory, credit the major contributors, and describe some examples of how organizations can implement strategies from this theory. Defined and Developed Experiments called the Hawthorne Studies, led by Elton Mayo, opposed some of the ideas of the classical theory and used sociology and psychology to explain employee workplace behavior (Pryor, Humphreys, Oyler, Taneja, Toombs, 2011). Describing the result of these studies, McElyea (2003) stated that â€Å"these experiments concluded that working conditions impacted productivity and morale† (p. 58). As a result, Mayo is considered the founder of the neoclassical theory. Other studies in the human relation movement, by Abraham Maslow, made contributions (Sarker Mohammad, 2013). The three primary elements of this theory include the HawthorneShow MoreRelatedThe Neoclassical Organizational Theory Essay633 Words   |  3 PagesThe neoclassical organizational theory, which evolved as a reaction to the rigid, authoritarian structure of the classical organizational theory, focuses on the importance of human relations and behavior in the workplace (Docherty et al., 2001). Accordin g to the classical organizational theory, there is a single best method to designing an organization. Based on this theory, a manager must have close control over their subordinates, resulting in an organization with tall hierarchies and a narrowRead MoreWilliam Ouchi1307 Words   |  6 PagesWorld Management Theories Management Gurus Management Topics Management Schools Vector Study Forum Ads by Google Management Driving Theory Test Music Theory College Professor Circuit Theory William Ouchi Search Custom Search Management Gurus Management Theories 80-20 rule Ansoff Matrix Blue Ocean Strategy Deming Cycle ERG Theory Force Field Analysis Hawtorne Effect Linking Pin Model Porter s Five Forces POSDCORB Quality Circles Socratic Problem Theory X and Y Wealth ofRead MoreFactors Affecting Project Implementation Amongst Non Governmental Organizations in Kenya8996 Words   |  36 Pagesprogrammes and this makes it difficult to realize the full intensions of a given project. The objectives of the study are; to establish the effect of resources management, determine how operational systems affect project implementation, to find out if organizational culture affects project implementation within a non-governmental organization and to determine whether the organisation leadership affects project implementation. The study for sees and expect suspicion by respondents, funding might as well beRead MoreFactors Affecting Project Implementation Amongst Non Governmental Organizations in Kenya9004 Words   |  37 Pagesprogram mes and this makes it difficult to realize the full intensions of a given project. The objectives of the study are; to establish the effect of resources management, determine how operational systems affect project implementation, to find out if organizational culture affects project implementation within a non-governmental organization and to determine whether the organisation leadership affects project implementation. The study for sees and expect suspicion by respondents, funding might as well beRead MoreWhat Is Employee Turnover Or Career Leakage At The Bottom Level Of Workers?2933 Words   |  12 Pages Table of Contents Overview of the organization In this paper, the discussion will be about Wal-Mart Corporation operates as one of the biggest retail stores in the United States. Wal-mart has thousands of stores in the United States and expanded internationally in 27 countries. Wal-mart has been creating opportunities and bringing value to customers and communities around the globe. The problem that we will discuss in this paper is the employee turnover or career leakage at theRead MoreThe Organizational Structure Of The Organization3854 Words   |  16 PagesTable of Contents Today we will look at Company B. We will begin with an overview of the organization, what category of industry it falls under, and some of the products the organization offers. Next, we will explore the current status in the organization, that is, the current state of affairs in the organization with regard to products as well as the internal organizational structure, the factors that contribute to the structure, the effectiveness of the structure. Then we will investigate theRead MoreOEM, ODM, OBM3016 Words   |  13 Pagesprospects for Mabe. 2- East Asian development patterns The work of Michael Hobday challenges postulates of innovation theories such as the: â€Å"(†¦) traditional innovation study (Utterback and Abernathy, 1975), TNC product life cycle theory (Vernon, 1966, 1975), TNC location theory (Dunning, 1975), and theories of industrial clustering (Porter, 1990)† (Hobday, 2000, p. 132). Those theories tend to claim that innovation: â€Å"(†¦) is not â€Å"supposed† to occur in the developing countries (†¦)† (Hobday, 2000, pRead MoreTheories of Organizational Behavior10512 Words   |  43 PagesRevisiting the Classical theories Introduction Organization indexes considerably more than the structures that lifts us out of ‘bare life’. Organization is also intimately, and utterly, connected to thought. While many, and by no means just those in the West, think of themselves as ‘free’ from enslavement by others, and even free from the organization of the state, who can argue that they are also free from the pervasive effects of language, culture and science? These are matters into whichRead MorePolitical Turncoatism9214 Words   |  37 PagesPhilippine party system as well as that pf other states. Foreign Party System and Manifestations of Turncoatism Abueva’s â€Å"Democracy: Philippine Perspective in Philippine Democratization and the Consolidation of Democracy since the 1986 Revolution: An Overview of the Main Issues, Trends and Prospects (1997) states that political parties in other countries are not only mechanisms for winning elections but also for mobilizing citizens in support of party ideology, policy ideas and reforms. Rose in his workRead MoreDunning- Theory of International Production10053 Words   |  41 PagesTOWARD AN ECLECTIC THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL PRODUCTION: SOME EMPIRICAL TESTS JOHN H. DUNNING University of Reading I Abstract. This paper first sets out the main features of the eclectic theory of international production and then seeks to evaluate its significance of ownership- and location-specific variables in explaining the industrial pattern and geographical distribution of the sales of U S . affiliates in fourteen manufacturing industries in seven countries in 1970. e lr !. V

The Future Of An Illusion Essay - 1664 Words

An Analysis of The Future of an Illusion In Sigmund Freud’s famous philosophical work titled The Future of an Illusion, he uses psychoanalysis to explain the origins of the concept of God. He presents valid arguments as to why God is merely a concept created by humans to answer frustrating questions about life in a satisfying way, and the work seems to be sound in its entirety. However, there is an important weakness in Freud’s reasoning in that if God is meant to create order in the universe, why does the thought of Him create conflict, fear, and contradiction? Furthermore, though his psychoanalytic explanation provides fascinating answers to why people believe in God, it cannot demonstrate that God definitely does not exist. Famous for his theories of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud asserted that all human behavior could be boiled down to sexual and aggressive desires. In this particular book, he explains that humans created civilization to prevent conflict, since there would be chaos if humans were allowed to express their natural sexual and aggressive tendencies without a higher power telling them that was wrong. â€Å"The principal task of civilization†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he states, â€Å" †¦ is to defend us against nature (Pg. 15). However, while a civilization governed by human beings may help protect its members from murder, rape, stealing, cheating, etc., it is not capable of protecting its members from natural disasters and the reality of death. Moreover, civilization itself causes problemsShow MoreRelatedThe Future of an Illusion by Freud Essay997 Words   |  4 PagesThe Future of an Illusion by Freud In his book The Future of An Illusion, Freud (1928) struggled to create a theory that would distinguish morality from religion so that people would still be able to know right from wrong even if they did not believe in a God. According to Freud, humans belonged to civilization to control nature and to regulate human relations. However, Freud claimed that humans have often paid a great price for civilization; this price, he believed, was neurosis. ConsequentlyRead More Future of an Illusion by Sigmund Freud Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesFuture of an Illusion by Sigmund Freud In his book Future of an Illusion, Sigmund Freud utilizes his method of psychoanalysis on religion by comparing the relationship between human and religion to that of a child and his parents. Freud effectively demonstrates that religion is a product of the human mind. After exposing religion as a an illusion, Freud concludes that humanity will be better off when it has forgone religion. This paper will argue that Freuds assertion that religion is an illusionRead MoreSigmund Freud The Future Of An Illusion Analysis1199 Words   |  5 PagesFreud gives his insights about what he defines as religion and how the societal neurosis called religion can be expunged from our lives. Freud, in his book The Future of an Illusion gives his psychoanalytical theory in trying to explain religion and postulates that the phenomenon called religion is an imagination, a mere illusion that goes beyond questioning. He suggests that science will provide us with knowledge and explanations to do away with the religious neurosis and live a life where scienceRead MoreIn The Future Of An Illusion, Sigmund Freud Gives A Genealogical1541 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Future of an Illusion, Sigmund Freud gives a genealogical account of religion in which he describes the religious illusion being born out of mankind’s inherent state of helplessness. Religion sedates the masses through a childlike neurosis, where deity plays the role of the surrogate father, offering protection and comfort, allowing culture to maintain the status quo. However, despite the significant role of the religious illusion for both society and the individual, Freud is optimistic thatRead Moreillusive religions: Sigmund Freuds The Future of an Illusion1449 Words   |  6 PagesIn Sigmund Freud’s, The Future of an Illusion, he studies religious foundations and the influence of religion on civilization and social principles. As he explores the psychological depths relating to religion, he also portrays a sc ientific and rational civilization. In turn, he reveals his hope for an ideal world where humans surpass their feelings of helplessness and insignificance to live in an improved civilization based on reason and the increase of knowledge. Through his analysis and ideasRead MoreComparison Between Brave New World and Freuds Future of an Illusion1640 Words   |  7 PagesFreud and the Brave New World: Science can replace religion as a means of creating a stable civilization. This is what Sigmund Freud believes, and this is what Aldous Huxley tries to prove. Freud in his Future of an Illusion states that religion allows men to act according to reason, and not their instincts. People are taught with a religious background and are taught about a balance of crime and punishment. Punishment will be cast upon men if men are unable to control their instincts and commitRead MoreConflict Between Reality and Illusion as a Major Theme of ‘the Glass Menagerie’1718 Words   |  7 PagesConflict between reality and illusion as a major theme of ‘The Glass Menagerie’ Introduction The Glass Menagerie is a dramatic play about human nature and the conflict between illusion and reality. An illusion is pretense and not reality. In The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams has made use of both reality and illusion together using conflict between them. Illusion is a misinterpretation of the facts. It is an opinion based on what we think is true rather than on what is actually true. In thisRead More Lost Illusions, Bitter Wisdom and Fragile Hope in The Tempest1274 Words   |  6 PagesLost Illusions, Bitter Wisdom and Fragile Hope in The Tempest   Ã‚   Is Shakespeare’s play, The Tempest, a drama of lost illusions, bitter wisdom and fragile hope? Before this question can be considered, one first has to interpret these terms. Perhaps bitter wisdom and fragile hope are fairly simple concepts to understand, lost illusions is somewhat less clear, particularly in the case of The Tempest.    There are three main interpretations of lost illusions that could be madeRead MoreReality And Illusions : The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1211 Words   |  5 PagesReality and Illusions Struggling with the separation of reality and an illusion, the characters in The Great Gatsby lived lives of deceit, which were not all as fabulous as they may have appeared. Jay Gatsby, Daisy Buchanan, and Jordan Baker were just a few examples of people, who were seemingly flawless and content, but truly they were lost, chasing after a dream they could never grasp. Jay Gatsby was a man obsessed with a dream of love and wealth. In his mind, Gatsby created an unattainable illusionRead MoreEssay about Perceptions of Time in Great Gatsby664 Words   |  3 Pagesbroken into the past, present and future. Since we only live in the present forever in preparation for our futures and dreams, when we try to live in the past it restricts our future. Throughout F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Great Gatsby, Gatsby wasted time and his life for a single dream, and it was his illusion of his idyllic future that made time a key dimension in his life. Fitzgerald sees life in satiric-tragic dimensions, as a contest between romantic illusion and coarse reality. The reality

Taylors Principles of Management free essay sample

Peter Drucker is known as the father of modern management. A prolific writer, business consultant and lecturer, he introduced many management concepts that have been embraced by corporations around the world. Peter Ferdinand Drucker (November 19, 1909 i November 11, 2005) was a writer, management consultant, and self-described i social ecologist. i His books and scholarly and popular articles explored how humans are organized across the business, government and the nonprofit sectors of society. His writings have predicted many of the major developments of the late twentieth century, including privatization and decentralization; the rise of Japan to economic world power; the decisive importance of marketing; and the emergence of the information society with its necessity of lifelong learning. In 1959, Peter Drucker coined the term i knowledge worker and later in his life considered knowledge work productivity to be the next frontier of management. Management by Objectives The management guru’s management guru. Born in Vienna during the heyday of that city’s pre-1914 culture, Drucker has invented or prefigured most of the leading management theories of the last half-century. We will write a custom essay sample on Taylors Principles of Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The son of an Austrian government official who helped found the Salzburg Festival, Drucker came to Britain in the late 1920s, and his first job was as an apprentice clerk in a Bradford wool exporting firm, working with a quill pen in 80-pound brassbound ledgers chained to the desk. Between 1933 and 1936 he worked as an economist in a London merchant bank and then decided to throw in his lot with the United States. He emigrated to the US in 1937, produced his first book two years later and in 1942 took a consultant’s job with General Motors, then the world’s largest company. Out of this experience came his influential 1946 book Concept of the Corporation, still one of the best and most perceptive analyses of the successful large organization. As well as General Motors, other companies studied in the book were General Electric, IBM and Sears Roebuck, and Drucker identified their success with certain managerial characteristics, notably delegation and goal setting (Management by Objectives) and certain structural characteristics, such as decentralization. Peter Duckers reputation as a management guru was established with The Practice of Management (1954), a work still regarded by later theorists as one of the best and clearest in the field. His five basic principles of management remain as valid as ever: * setting objectives * organizing * motivating and communicating, * establishing measurements of performance and * developing people. setting objectives, ‘A manager, in the first place, sets objectives. He determines what the objectives should be. He determines what the goals in each area of objectives should be. He decides what has to be done to reach these objectives. He makes the objectives effective by communicating them to the people whose performance is needed to attain them. organizing ‘Second, a manager organises. He analyses the activities, decisions and relations needed. He classifies the work. He divides it into manageable activities and further divides the activities into manageable jobs. He groups these units and jobs into an organisation structure. He selects people for the management of these units and for the jobs to be done. motivating and communicating, Next, a manager motivates and communicates. He makes a team out of the people that are responsible for various jobs. He does that through the practices with which he works. He does it in his own relations to the men with whom he works. He does it through his people decisions on pay, placement and promotion. And he does it through constant communication, to and from his subordinates, and to and from his superior, and to and from his colleagues. establishing measurements of performance ‘The fourth basic element in the work of the manager is measurement. The manager establishes yardsticks —and few factors are as important to the performance of the organisation and of every man in it. He sees to it that each man has measurements available to him which are focused on the performance of the whole organisation and which, at the same time, focus on the work of the individual and help him do it. He analyses, appraises and interprets performance. As in all other areas of his work, he communicates the meaning of the measurements and their findings to his subordinates, to his superiors, and to colleagues. developing people. Finally, a manager develops people, including himself.

The Courage to Survive free essay sample

Film Aron Ralston, an individual from the film 127 hours whom impressed me greatly as a viewer with his great courage and persistence displayed when stacked against mountainous odds to survive being trapped in a Utah Canyon for 127 hours, displaying the fact that ‘There is no force more powerful then the will to survive. ’ Aron was faced with much adversity throughout the text and his courage to overcome this, really inspired me. This was evident in the film when Aron’s arm was trapped under a boulder. He showed extreme courage by cutting off his own arm to escape. I feel if in this situation many people especially myself, could not pluck up the courage to do such a thing. For this reason I have a lot of respect for the character Aron, and cannot comprehend how much pain he must have gone through to turn his adversity into triumph. Persistence was a value I felt Aron displayed throughout the film. We will write a custom essay sample on The Courage to Survive or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He never gave up or took the easy option when the odds were stacked against his survival. I thought an example of this in the text was when his arm was trapped underneath the boulder and new it was nearly impossible to get it free. He didn’t let this stop him and kept going for 127 hours, fighting off the easy option to let this challenge be his end. He eventually escaped not giving up till he found safety. The things that Aron achieved while in that canyon I think is something a very select amount of people could do. This showed me that he knew he could do it and kept something very close to him in a place that already seemed like hell. Hope. I think this uplifting film showed us a firsthand view of a man’s true character in the darkest of times. I really have appreciation for Aron Ralston and regard him highly. I wish if one day I was in the same situation I could handle as well as he did and not lose sight of what is really important. William Miles 11RK

Stress Management Concept

Stress Management Concept Introduction Organizations are increasingly experiencing a challenge arising from the dynamic nature of the environment in which they operate. In order to survive in this environment, it is paramount for these organizations to develop their competitive advantage. One of the ways through which they can achieve this is by integrating the concept of organizational development.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Stress Management Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Anderson (2011, p.2) defines organizational development as the various organizational Work content Job content The job may not be challenging enough thus making it to be monotonous The tasks may be unpleasant and lacking variety. Working hours Long working hours Unpredictable working hours Job-shift systems may be ineffectively designed Inflexible working schedules Participation and control The employees may not be involved in the decision Lack of promotion prospects Unfair performance appraisal systems Job insecurity. The job may be of low social value Poor remuneration schemes making process. Work Context Career development, remuneration and job status . Interpersonal relationship Lack of support from the supervisors. Lack of a well defined procedure to resolve work problems and complaints. Poor relationship with employees. Home-work interface Conflicting demands between work and home duties. Lack of support in dealing with domestic issues from work. Lack of support for work problems by family members. Organizational culture Poor organizational leadership. Lack of clarity on organizational objectives. Role in the organization Conflicting roles within the same job. Unclear roles Stress management According to Fried (2008, p. 61), stress management entails the various techniques that are used in eliminating feelings of strain. If not well managed, stress may lead into dysfunc tional behavior amongst the employees in addition to poor mental and physical health. For example, stress may result into extreme physical conditions such as heart diseases, high blood pressure, digestive system complications and musculo-skeletal disorders. As a result of stress, the employees’ operational efficiency is significantly reduced. The employees’ ability to make effective decisions and to think logically is also affected. Parker (2007, p. 32) asserts that stress leads into a reduction in the employees’ level of commitment in their duties. Stress in the workplace negatively affects employees productivity and hence the organization’s performance. Over the recent past, organizations in different economic sectors have appreciated the strength of relationship between the well being of their workforce and their productivity. Firms in the public and private sector are increasingly appreciating the costs associated with stress (Weinberg, Sutherland Co oper, 2010, p. 61). Stress management is one of the ways through which they are integrating in an effort to minimize stress. According to Ron (2004, p.1), it is estimated that job stress in the United States costs businesses more than $ 300 billion in their corporate profit annually. This cost arises from increased complaints by customers and clients, a high rate of absenteeism, a rise in legal claims by employees, poor employees’ performance and productivity, and lack of employee commitment. On a daily basis, it is estimated that one million people do not attend work daily in the United State as a result of workplace stress overload (Ron, 2004, p. 1).Advertising Looking for critical writing on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ashworth (2005, para. 1) In 2005, the rate of unscheduled absenteeism in the US reached its five-year high due to a number of factors amongst them stress. According to Leka, Griffiths and Cox (2003, p. 14), inefficiency in managing job stress tarnishes an organization’s image both internally and externally. Ron (2004, p.1) is of the opinion that stress is a major issue in an organization’s operation. However, it is astonishing to see the rate at which organizational CFOs and CEOs are concerned with attaining the desired profitability. Additionally, firm’s management teams are also concerned with ensuring that the employees are committed in executing their duties. Despite this, most organizations have not implemented strategies aimed at dealing with stress at the workplace. According to Jex and Britt (2008, p.222), one of the most effective methods of dealing with stress related hazards in workplace is through stress management. The best stress management strateg ies that an organization can implement are those that check it from reaching excessive levels. In the 21st century, organizations are increasingly appreciating the importance of being involved in managing work related stress (Kaila, 2005, p.494). The rationale for this trend is that organizations are partially involved in making the employees to be stressed. As a result, they should be actively involved in relieving it. The other rationale is that employees who are less stressed are more effective in their duties. In an effort to manage stress, organizations have implemented two main strategies. These include; Institutional programs Collateral programs Institutional programs These entail the various stress reduction strategies that are established through different organizational mechanisms (Griffin Moorhead, 2011, p. 191). For example, in order to establish work-life balance, organizations should effectively design their jobs. According to Kaila (2005, p.494), working in shifts can be a source of stress to employees. This arises from the fact that the employees will be forced to change their relaxation and sleeping patterns. Therefore, it is paramount for organizations to implement work schedules that contribute to reduction of stress. One of the way through which an organization can achieve this is by integrating flexible-working schedule. This will give employees an opportunity to take care of their non-work activities such as advance their career by going back to school, having time with their family and being involved in recreational activities. Establishing work-life balance can be very beneficial to both employees and the organizations. Stress within an organization can also be reduced by creating a strong organizational culture. One such culture that organizations can integrate entails ensuring that there is a balance between the employees work and non-work activities. For example, a firm’s management team may make it to be a norm that all em ployees should go on vacation or take some time off from work in order to relax. Another institutional mechanism that a firm can consider entails ensuring that there is effective supervision. According to Kaila (2005, p.494), a supervisor can cause employees to be stressed by overloading them with tasks. To avoid this, a firm’s management team should ensure that its employees are assigned manageable and reasonable tasks. Collateral programs These include stress reduction programs that are specifically designed to assisting employees to cope with stress. There are different collateral programs that organizations incorporate in their stress management efforts. Some of these include Health Promotion Programs (HPPs), Employee Wellness Programs (EWPs) and Stress Management Programs. According to Werner and DeSimone (2009, p.362), HPPs and EWPs are composed of various activities that are aimed at improving organizational practices and promoting employee behavior. The core objective is to ensure that the employees are fit and healthy to perform their duties. The HPP and EWP programs are based on the principle that employee wellness does not only entail ensuring that the employees are not sick. However, they are aimed at encouraging employees to adopt lifestyles that contribute towards maximization of their wellbeing. In their health promotion programs, organizations incorporate a holistic approach by educating employees on different issues. The health promotion programs are composed of different dimensions that are aimed at promoting employee wellness. These include emotional, physical, mental, spiritual, communal and social dimensions. According to Kaila (2005, p.494), collateral programs encourage employees to be involved in exercises thus reducing stress indirectly. However, implementation of collateral programs as stress management strategies can be costly. This arises from the fact that organizations will be required to invest in the necessary physical fa cilities. Despite this, Kaila (2005, p.494) asserts that more and more organizations are increasingly exploring this option in their stress management. Studies which have been conducted reveal that fitness and wellbeing programs significantly reduce absenteeism as a result of stress. Additionally, they also help in improving an employee’s mental health and his or her ability to resist stress. Training and development According to Donaldson-Fielder, Lewis and Yarker (2011, p. 67), organizations also use training and development interventions in managing stress. There are two main ways through which organizations use training and development in their stress management. These include technical skills training and stress management skills training. Technical skills training Technical skills training enhances employees’ ability to cope with job requirements. For example, technical skills training contribute towards significant reduction in the amount of effort required to e xecute a task. The resultant effect is that employees experience minimal stress arising from work demands and pressure. Through technical skills training, an employee’s level of confidence in performing his or her duties is improved. To determine the technical skills training that an organization should conduct, a firm may conduct a performance appraisal, stress risk assessment, or a one-on-one conversation with the employees (Leka, Griffiths Cox, 2003, p.3). For example, an employee who may be assigned a new task may be required to make a presentation in front of the organization’s directors. This may cause anxiety to the employee leading into stress. In order to improve the employee’s presentation skills; the organization may enroll him or her to a presentation skills course in an effort to improve his or her confidence level when communicating to the managers (Spiers, 2003, p.84). Additionally, a risk assessment conducted by an engineering firm revealed that employees were reporting work-related stress and a high level of job dissatisfaction. Upon investigation, the firm revealed that the cause of the stress was as a result of the project management systems that the firm was using. The project management team revealed that they had never received training on how to operate the new Information Technology system that the firm had implemented. In order to minimize stress as a result of the new technology, the firm implemented a training program on how to operate the new software (Donald-Fielder, Lewis Yarker, 2011, p. 68). Stress management skills training This is a stress management strategy that is aimed at increasing the employees’ level of awareness on stressors and the importance of their wellbeing. Alternatively, stress management skills training is aimed at teaching employees on how to reduce stress. In their stress management skills training, organizations intend to bridge the gap that existed between the job demands, the employees’ ability to perform the tasks and the resources available. There are three main types of stress management skills training that an organization can implement. These include multimodal, relaxation-based and cognitive behavioral therapy. Multimodal training entails increasing the level of awareness on what stress is, how to identify signs of stress and how they can acquire skills to cope with stress. Relaxation-based training entails educating employees on how to undertake mental and physical relaxation in an effort to deal with the various consequences associated with stress. On the other hand, cognitive behavioral therapy training entails equipping employees with skills that change their perception on the source of stress differently. According to Donaldson-Fielder and Yarker (2011, p.69), these stress management skills training are very effective in reducing stress. However, a recent evaluation conducted on these methods revealed that cognitive behavioral therapy t raining is more effective compared to the other two methods. Support interventions These include the various forms of assistance strategies such as therapy and counseling employees who are suffering from stress. The support interventions targets individuals who have not benefited from stress prevention strategies such as training and development. The support interventions are focused at curing symptoms of stress. Support interventions may also entail medical treatment and coaching employees suffering from stress. Conclusion In order for organization to attain their goals, it is paramount for management teams to ensure that their employees are committed and productive. However, employees are faced with a challenge in executing their duties due to work-related stress. Stress has a negative impact to both the employee and the organization. Therefore, it is important for organizations to incorporate the concept of stress management in order to help them cope with challenging work situat ions. There are different strategies that an organization can integrate in their stress management efforts. To be effective in stress management, it is important for firms to integrate both curative and preventative stress management strategies. Some of the main strategies that a firm can integrate entail institutional programs, collateral programs, training program and support interventions. Institutional programs contribute towards reduction of work-related stress by ensuring that there are effective organizational mechanisms that minimize stress in its structure. Some of the ways through which they attain this is by being effective in designing jobs. Organizations should ensure that they assign employees jobs in according with their abilities and the resources available. It is also important for firm’s management teams to design jobs that are meaningful to their employees. Jobs should be designed in such as way that employees can be able to use their skills in executing th em. This will contribute towards creation of a high level of commitment. It is also critical to ensure that the employees understand their role and responsibilities. When making decisions that affect them, firm’s management teams should give the employees an opportunity to participate. Organizations should also integrate effective work-schedule that ensures a high level of flexibility. The work-schedules incorporated should be in line with the employees’ non-work responsibilities and demands. Such schedules reduce work-related stress by giving employees an opportunity to pursue their personal goals such as advancing their education . Employees intend to advance their career in order to improve their competitiveness in the labor market. Additionally, employees have sufficient time with their family and friends and to engage in recreational activities that improve their wellbeing hence reducing stress. On the other hand, collateral programs aid in improving the employees fitness and wellbeing. Training and development strategies such as technical skills training and stress management skills training enable employees to cope with job pressure and associated stressors. Through technical skills training, an employee is equipped with skills that enable him or her to execute tasks assigned with minimal pressure and effort. On the other hand, stress management skills training equip employees with a high level of awareness regarding skills. Organizations may also integrate support interventions such as counseling and coaching employees who are already suffering from stress. Therefore, to increase the probability of attaining organizational development, it is critical for firm’s management teams to integrate effective stress management. Stress management benefits both an organization and its employees. Reference List Anderson, D., 2011. Organization development; the process of leading  organizational change. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publica tions. Ashworth, S., 2005. Low morale, other issues push absences to a five year high. New York: American City Business Journals. Cunningham, J., 2000. The stress management sourcebook. Los Angeles: Lowell House. Daft, R., 2010. Organizational theory and design. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Donaldson-Fielder, E., Lewis, R. Yarker, J., 2011. Preventing stress in  organizations: how to develop positive managers. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Fried, R., 2008. Stress management for success in the workplace. Washington: Lulu.com. Griffin, R. Moorehead, G., 2011. Organizational behavior: managing people  and organizations. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Jex, S. Britt, T., 2008. Organizational theory; a scientist-practitioner approach. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley and Sons. Kaila, H., 2005. Human resource management. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications. Leka, S., Griffiths, A. Cox, T., 2003. Work organization and stress. United Kingdom: Institute of Work, Health and Organization. Palmer, S. Cooper, C., 2010. How to deal with stress. London: Kogan Page. Parker, H., 2007. Stress management. Chandni Chowk, Delhi: Global Media. Ron, B., 2004. Workplace stress sucks $ 300 billion annually from corporate  profits. New York: Technology Marketing Corporation. Spiers, C., 2003. Tolleys managing stress in the workplace. Chicago: Taylor Francis. Weinberg, A., Sutherland, V. Cooper, C., 2010. Organizational stress  management; a strategic approach. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Werner, J. DeSimone, R., 2009. Human resource development. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.

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buy custom Twin Falls Community Hospital essay This is a risk analysis of the project by ambulatory surgery center. The purpose of the analysis is to predict the outcome of the project. This will be done by calculating the payback, net present value and internal rate of return of the project. The cash flows for year four and five are shown in the table below. YEAR 4 YEAR 5 Land opportunity cost ($500,000) Building/equipment cost (10,000,000) Net revenues 5,463,635 5,627,544.05 Less: Labor costs 874,181.60 900,407.05 Utilities costs 54,636.35 56,275.44 Supplies 2,185,454 2,251,017.62 Incremental overhead 39,337.76 40,517.89 Net income 2,310,025.29 2,379,326.05 /tr> Plus: Net land salvage value Plus: Net building/equipment salvage value Net cash flow 2,310,025.29 2,379,326.05 The Net Present value of the project NPV= Cash outflow + Cash inflow/ (1+r) Year 1= $2,114,000/1+0.1=1,921,818.18 Year2= $2,177,420/ (1+0.1) ^2=1,799,520.66 Year3=$2,242,743/ (1+0.1) ^3=1,685,006.01 Year4=2,310,025.29/ (1+0.1) ^4=1,577,778.16 Year5=2,379,326.05/ (1+0.1) ^5=1,477,374.28 Total=8,461,497.29 Net Present Value= 15,500,000 - 8,461,497.29=7,038,502.71 The Internal Rate of Return of the project -15,500,000+1,921,818.18/ (1+R) + 1,799,520.66/ (1+R) ^2+1,685,006.01/ (1+R) ^3+1,577,778.16/ (1+R) ^4+1,477,374.28/(1+R)^5=0 IRR= 10% The payback of the project. If the cash flow remains constantly progressive every year, the anticipated payback would be seven years. Overhead costs. The overhead costs, are expenses that a business incurs in the day to day activities. The above cash flow analysis is not of an existent business but rather an analysis of whether the proposed project would be profitable if it was actually established. This being the case, the $10,000 overhead costs cannot be added to this cash flow. Handling of cannibalization. One should first gather backdated cash flow statements of the inpatient surgery unit prior to the opening of the outpatient surgery unit to current cash flow statements of the inpatient surgery unit, which should be compared to the outpatient cash flows (analysis) statements so as to identify the rate of declining inflows in the internal surgery unit to the rise of inflows in the outpatient surgery unit. This will also enable comparison of other details such as the price difference in services offered by the two units in relation to the inflow rates. Such details can enable the analyst to find a solution and recommend appropriate changes in the inpatient surgery ward e.g. reset prices of service, opening hours etc. This would change the handling of cannibalization since one would have to carry out a scenario analysis of a third surgical unit which would trigger a change in all current statements in the inpatient and outpatient cash flow statements as well. Scenario analysis. Scenario=250 DAYS (YEAR)*(1000)* The expected scenario of the project is: 250 DAYS (YEAR)*(1000*20) Salvage price= 5 million at 70% rate an average net income of $5,000,000 per day. NPV= 7,941,176.47 The best case scenario of the project is: 250 days (year) * (1000*25) Salvage price= 7million at 15% rate and average net income of $6,250,000 per day. NPV= 12,434,782.61 The worst case scenario of the project is: 250 DAYS (YEAR)*(1000*15) Salvage price= 3 million at 15% rate and average net income of $3,750,000 per day. NPV= 6,260,869.56 The worst case value helps in assessing the hospitals ability to bear the risk of this investment since; one is able to compare it with the capital and general financial health of the entire project. The new NPV of the project after a three percentage point risk adjustment would be: NPV (3%RISK) =7,038,502.71 * 0.03 NPV=211,155.08 Recommendation The hospital should consider maximizing the inpatient surgery ward first and if the need arises, they should go ahead with the out patient unit but look for better prices of machinery or explore other sources of machinery like leasing. Buy custom Twin Falls Community Hospital essay

Social networks and the internet shrink our understanding of the Essay

Social networks and the internet shrink our understanding of the world. Argue your position on this statement - Essay Example One of the first people who recognized the value of the global connection was Marshall McLuhan, however, he is considered to be the successor of Nicolas Tesla. The last described the world in which we live today precisely- our devices that are portable and with the help of which we not only hear people but can see them any time on any distance (McLuhan 2011).McLuhan predicted that the world will transform into a Global Village in the beginning of the 20th century. The author was speaking about radio but now the term is logically applicable to World Wide Web as it helped to forget about physical distance, time obstacles, and social prejudices. Media has become a nervous system of the planet which has integrated the world really fast. With a click of a mouse a person can find a community of people with similar interests and tastes and join it. Moreover, any event can be broadcast online to the real public. That is why it is possible to talk about world community that reminds Global Vil lage where everyone knows each other. Eventually, such changes can lead to creation of new phenomenon in sociology and culture as the density of the contacts also increases (McLuhan, 1987). World Wide Web has substantially increased the speed of news spread globally: any event in one part of the world becomes known to the Internet users in a second. However, this global involvement into world problems has also increased the responsibility. According to McLuhan, the enhanced "electric speed in bringing all social and political functions together in a sudden implosion has heightened human awareness of responsibility to an intense degree"Â  (McLuhan, 1964). Another discovery of McLuhan was the fact the type of media influences the information and becomes a message itself. So Internet can be regarded as a message as it changes completely the way people understand and perceive things, and the main issue of this message is its speed (McLuhan, 1962). So